The WebElements Periodic Table

As of Dec. 2006, there are 117 chemical elements, according to the excellent webelements periodic table web site:

The number of known elements does change.

The chemogenesis web book uses the WebElements periodic table as its master data source, and it does not attempt to duplicate it. These are the data fields associated with Web Elements Scholar Edition:

The Chemical Thesaurus

Search for chemical reagents, atomic and molecular ions, minerals, isotopes, elemental data, etc., using the periodic table built into The Chemical Thesaurus reaction chemistry database:

The Wooden Periodic Table Table

Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table – a wooden table that incorporates a periodic table – is a treasure trove, both on the web and in reality (his office). The web site contains over 12 gig of data and beautiful images. Explore!

This fantastic periodic table poster is for sale through Theo's new site, periodictable.com in various sizes.

Visual Elements Periodic Table

Periodic Table Live!

A good site with info, pictures and video clips, here:

Periodic Table of Physical Elements

It is possible to buy sets of elements presented as a periodic table from RGB Research Ltd.

Supplier & Element Industrial Information: American Elements

Chemical & Engineering News Periodic Table

A periodic table from C&EN with links to fascinating stories about the chemical elements:

Periodic Table of Google Image Searches

Davebug has made a periodic table using the top Google Image search result for each element. Cool and very www:

Periodic Tables for Reaction Chemists

The Chemogenesis web book is about chemical reactions and chemical reactivity, and there are a number of periodic table data mappings that are of particular interest to the scientist interested in main group and organic chemistry.

Firstly, there are a number of general trends. Yes, there are anomalies, but the trends are general:

• Metallic properties increase to the left and down the periodic table.
• Elements become less electronegative and more electropositive to the left and down the periodic table.
• Atomic radii increase to the left and down the periodic table.
• The higher numbers of oxidation states are found towards the lower right hand side of the periodic table.
• First ionisation energies increase to the right and up the periodic table.
• Ect.

Periodic Table of Electronegativity

A periodic table showing electronegativity, "The ability of an atom to attract electron density from a covalent bond" (Linus Pauling). Blue elements are electronegative, red elements are electropositive, and purple elements are intermediate. Notice how hydrogen is intermediate in electronegativity between carbon and boron and is positioned above and between these elements:

Periodic Tables of Elemental Material Type

All of the the main group elements are common laboratory reagents or "chemical in bottles". They appear as metals, metalloid (semi-metals) and non-metals. Most of the non-metals are molecular materials while most of the metalloids have an extended network-covalent structure.

Elsewhere in the chemogenesis web book, material type is discussed in terms of the Laing Tetrahedron, an analysis that classifies binary materials in terms of four extreme types: metallic, ionic, molecular and network. However, none the chemical elements present as ionic materials, only as metals, molecular (van er Waals) and network materials:

The elements B, C, Si, P, S, Ge, As, Se, Sn, Sb and Te can form allotropes: pure elemental substances that can exist with different crystalline structures from the Wikipedia. Allotropes may be metallic, network or molecular.

Periodic Table of Elemental Hydride Types

• Ionic or Salt-Like Hydrides: Molten LiH conducts electricity and hydrogen gas is liberated at the anode confirming presence of hydride ion H^–. The crystal structures show an ionic lattice, and not an LiH molecular lattice.
• Covalent Hydrides are formed by the p-Bolock elements.
• Metallic or Interstitial Hydrides are formed by many d-block and f-block elements when heated with hydrogen under pressure. The hydrides tend to be non-stoichiometric and they may be of variable composition.
• There is a Hydride Gap where elements do not form hydrides. This roughly maps to the Siderophile Elements of the geologist's periodic table (below).
• The Intermediate Hydrides do not fit: beryllium hydride is polymeric, (BeH2)n. Others have properties between metallic and covalent.

The main group elemental hydrides are all well known reagent chemicals. The main group hydrides always give the lowest and most common oxidation state, and all chemicals are molecular in the gas phase. The Group I and II hydrides are ionic materials, but they can be vaporised to give the molecular form.

The chemicals present and behave as Lewis acids, Lewis bases or Lewis acid/base complexes, here:

Periodic Table of Elemental Oxidation States

The periodic table of fluorides (mainly) shows the range of possible oxidation states. Note that lithium, by way of example, is deemed to have two oxidation states: Li⁰ (the metal), and Li⁺ (the lithium ion):

There are a few exceptions and points to note:

• There is a general increase in the number of possible oxidation states towards the lower right hand side of the periodic table.
• Nitrogen(V) fluoride, NF5, is not known, but the nitrogen(V) oxide is: N2O5.
• PtBr2 and PtBr3 are known, but PtF2 and PtF3 are not.
• All elements are known in the zero oxidation state, but apart from: He, Ne & Ar, and these are not shown in the diagram below.
• All data is from WebElements.

Atomic Radii

Ionic Radii

Periodic Table of Metal Crystal Structures

Developed from Dr S.J. Heyes' First Year Inorganic Chemistry lecture notes (Oxford University):

Periodic Table of Radioactivity

A periodic table showing the elements that have no stable isotopes, so that all samples are radioactive:

Superconducting Elements

A periodic table showing which elements become superconducting at low temperature.

Periodic Table of Mass Anomalies

Pairs of atoms where atomic mass does not follow atomic number.

Nature's little quirk – due to the intricacies of nuclear chemistry and isotopic abundance – caused no end of difficulties to the developers of the periodic table in the mid-nineteenth century. Scientists could determine atomic mass, but knew nothing of protons or atomic numbers.

The tellurium-iodine anomaly was a particular problem.

Periodic Tables Showing Dates of Discovery

Note how many elements were discovered in the 19th century.

In 1800, only a couple of dozen elements where known. By 1900, the set was more or less complete as far as the non-radioactive elements are concerned: Rhenium was the only non-radioactive element that had not been discovered by the year 1900.

Periodic Table Group Numbering Systems

IUPAC

Periodic Table of Phase State: Solid, Liquid, Gas at 20°C & 700°C

Atomic Spectra

The University of Oregon Department of Physics has a dynamic periodic table, here, which shows the atomic spectra of all the elements:

Periodic Table of Extraction from Ore to Pure Element

A periodic table showing how pure elements are extracted:

Highly electropositive elements (Na, K) and electronegative elements (Cl2, F2) can only be obtained by electrolysis.

Analytical Chemist's Periodic Table

This PT gives information about storage and analysis of the elements.

Organic Chemist's Periodic Table

Organic chemistry is dominated by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Other elements are commonly encountered in the organic lab, others less commonly and some... almost never at all...

Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table

Every element has a specialist, somewhere, for whom it is the most important element.

Atmophile Elements - noble gases and covalently bonded gaseous molecules. The atoms and molecules are attracted by weak van der Waals forces and so these elements remain gaseous at room temperature.

Lithophile Elements - Those elements which form ionic bonds generally have filled outer electron shells. They typically bond to oxygen in silicates and oxides.

Siderophile Elements - The metals near iron in the periodic table that exhibit metallic bonding, have a weak affinity for oxygen and sulfur and are readily soluble in molten iron. Examples include iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold, tin, and tantalum. These elements are depleted in the earth crust because they have partitioned into the earth's iron core.

Chalcophile Elements - The elements that bond to S, Se, Te, Sb, and As. These bonds are predominantly covalent in character.

As discussed in more detail here.

An Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of The Elements and Their Ions by Bruce Railsback, here

Click to enlarge

Biologist's Periodic Table

A periodic table showing where biologically essential (green), essential trace (purple), toxic (red), radioactive (yellow) and of low – but not zero– biological impact (gray) elements are found. Only highly toxic elements are shown in red. Li (as Li⁺) is active as an antidepressant.

or here:

Cement Chemist's Cubic Periodic Table (Model)

Click here for large image.

Astronomer's periodic table

Highly amusing for chemists is the astronomer's periodic table because astronomers consider there to be three types of element:

• hydrogen
• helium
• metal

  Yup, cosmologists and other professional star gazers consider all elements, atomic number three and up, to be metals.

Haiku Periodic Table

A rather good Haiku periodic table... however this site has disappeared/moved. (If you know where it has gone, please let me know.)

More Periodic Tables

Should you have a requirement for even more periodic tables, click here, and your need's will be satisfied. While there is a lot of duplication on this site, there are links to a huge number of periodic tables. This is the definitive periodic tables link site, although there is more variety on this page and the previous page of this web book.

Ron Rinehart has a page of excellent periodic tables, here... as long as you can cope with the excessive over use of colour on the page! (Sorry Ron.)

Periodic Table SURPRISE Click on "Dial-Up" or "Broadband"...

Periodic Table in five languages.

A Periodic Table of Visualization Methods

Many visualisation methods and techniques used in science, business and technology, from pie charts to entity relationship diagrams. A large selection of these have been very neatly collected together using the periodic table as an organising metaphor. Recommended:

A Periodic Table for Black Hole Orbits

"We define a taxonomy of orbits that hinges on a correspondence between periodic orbits and rational numbers. The taxonomy defines the entire dynamics, including aperiodic motion, since every orbit is in or near the periodic set." Janna Levin, Gabe Perez-Giz (and New Scientist):

Condiments

A periodic table of condiment lifetimes:

Cereal Typologies

A chart on cereal typologies published in 2wice:

Comic Book Characters

A research project by the Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky.

Font

A dingbat font by Scott Stowell and Chip Wass:

Desserts

Desserts:

Nerdiness

A chart in GQ, by Fred Woodward, on nerdiness:

Adult Periodic Table

An adult PT of sex (available from Amazon):

Advert

And a car advert...

© Mark R. Leach 1999-2008

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This free, open access web book is an ongoing project and your input is appreciated.