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  Web Book Home Page | Chemogenesis Main Index Foreword:  Chemogenesis & Chemical Education Part I   Atoms | Elements | Periodic Tables 1.1  Introduction to Chemogenesis 1.2  Nucleosynthesis of The Elements 1.3  The Segrè Chart 1.4  Quantum Numbers to Periodic Tables 1.5  The Periodic Table: What Is It Showing? 1.6  The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 1.7  Periodicity Part II   Structure | Bonding | Material Type 2.1  Mono-Bond Typed Binary Compounds 2.2  Binary Compound Synthlet 2.3  Electronegativity 2.4  van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding 2.5  Tetrahedra of Structure, Bonding & Material Type 2.6  Structure, Bonding & Material Synthlet 2.7  The Classification of Matter: Chemical Stuff Part III   Interactions | Reactions | Mechanisms 3.1  The Chemogenesis Analysis: An Overview 3.2  Lewis and Brønsted Models of Acidity 3.3  The Hard Soft [Lewis] Acid Base Principle 3.4  Main Group Elemental Hydrides 3.5  Five Hydrogen Probe Experiments 3.6  Congeneric Dots, Series & Planars 3.7  Quantifying Congeneric Behaviour 3.8  Ligand Replacement Congeneric Series 3.9  Congeneric Array Interactions 3.10  Emergence of Organic Chemistry 3.11  Congeneric Array Database 3.12  The Five Reaction Chemistries 3.13  Lewis Acids & Lewis Bases: A New Analysis 3.14  The Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix 3.15  Patterns in Reaction Chemistry Poster 3.16  Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix Database 3.17  Nucleophiles, Bases & The Fluoride Ion 3.18  Redox Chemistry 3.19  Redox Chemistry Synthlet 3.20  Radical Chemistry 3.21  Diradical Chemistry 3.22  Photochemistry 3.23  Species/Species Interactions 3.24  The Simplest Mechanistic Step: STAD 3.25  Unit & Compound Mechanistic Steps 3.26  The Mechanism Matrix 3.27  Addition To A Double Bond Synthlet 3.28  Pericyclic Reaction Chemistry Part IV   Chemical Theory 4.1  Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 4.2a  Thermochemistry: List Reactions Synthlet 4.2b  Thermochemistry: Play With Reaction Synthlet 4.2c  Thermochemistry: Bulid A Reaction Synthlet 4.3  Timeline of Structural Theory 4.4  Modern Lewis Theory 4.5  Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion: VSEPR 4.6  Diatomic Species by Molecular Orbital Theory 4.7  Polyatomic Species: Molecular Orbitals 4.8  Organic π-Systems 4.9  Functional Group Database Part V   Complexity & Emergence 5.1  Chemistry & Complexity: Systems 5.2  Linear Chemistry Systems 5.3  Chemical Systems Prone to Complexity Part VI   Extras 6.1  Chemogenesis Videos 6.2  Chemical Thesaurus Reaction Chemistry Database 6.3  Paper: Chemogenesis 6.4  Paper: Electronegativity as a Basic Elemental Property (FoC) 6.5  Workshop: What is Chemistry? 6.6  Paper: Scientific laws, Dalton’s postulates, chemical reactions
          and Wolfram’s NKS (FoC) 6.7  Literature References & Further Reading

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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

Use the drop menus below to search & select from the more than 1300 Period Tables in the database: 

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Periodic Tables from the year 2023:

DALL·E Pop Art Periodic Table

I asked DALL·E to generate a: "periodic table as pop art", and the AI produced this:

Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table after Ramsay & Sommerfeld

John Marks, who provided the graphic, writes:

"This is the Ramsay-Sommerfeld PT and would seem to be the definitive PT, at least historically.

"Ramsay, a chemist, completed Mendeleyev's PT with the discovery of the inert gases in the 1890s and the position of hydrogen with the halogens by 1915.

"Sommerfeld, a physicist, generalized Bohr's atom in 1916 to yield the s-, p-, d- and f- electronic subshells that determine the layout of physicists' PTs, in particular their first "very short" period comprising H and He. Sommerfeld also explained the 'long periods', viz. the transition series ('A' subgroups) and the 'very long periods', viz. the rare earth series ('B' subgroups).

"In this chemistry/physics hybrid periodic table, the physicist Sommerfeld's first ('very short') "period" is subsumed under the chemist Ramsay's first two groups (-1 and 0) which are distinguished by colour: group -1 is white = 1s1p5, viz. H & the halogens; group 0 is black = 1s2p6, viz. He & the inert gases.

"Einstein's demonstration of atomic reality in 1905 (phenomena verified by Perrin in 1908) established the basic units of the paradigm of chemistry. Rutherford and Bohr (both physicists) went inside the atom, into the paradigm of physics.

"The PT thus straddles the borderland of the two paradigms of physics and chemistry and this has contributed significantly to the long debates on the form of the PT."

Marks' Version of Mendeleyev's 1869 Formulation

John Marks, who provided the graphic, writes:

"I went back to Mendeleyev´s 1869 original and drew this (below) which demonstrates the Sommerfeldsche aufspaltung as occurring after completed s-subshells. No-one disputes the chemical phenomena of the octets formed by He/Ne, Li/Na, Be/Mg, B/Al, C/Si, N/P and O/S nor that H/F occurs at the beginning of these octets, however "irregular" H may appear.

"Chemical periodicity is clearly based on periods arising from sp³ hybridization and the aufspaltung appears to occur between the s and the p³. This gives rise to the positions of Sommerfeld's "Long" (with the d-elements) and "Very Long" (with the f-elements) periods."

Element Names: The Etymology of The Periodic Table

An excellent video by RobWords about the names of the chemical elements and how they came about:

Kudan's Periodic System

From Pavel V. Kudan, a specialist in mass-spectrometry and identification of compounds, who suggests new periodic table based on new formulation of the periodic law.

See also:

Kudan's Periodic Law (Helix Form)

Genoma de la Materia

Click the image to enlarge.

Six Stages of The Convergence of The Periodic System

Bran, A.M., Stadler, P.F., Jost, J. et al. The six stages of the convergence of the periodic system to its final structure. Commun Chem 6, 87 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00883-9

Abstract (abridged):

"We show, by analysing the space between 1800 and 2021, that the system has converged towards its current stable structure through six stages, respectively characterised by the finding of elements (1800–1826), the emergence of the core structure of the system (1826–1860), its organic chemistry bias (1860–1900) and its further stabilisation (1900–1948), World War 2 new chemistry (1948–1980) and the system final stabilisation (1980–)."

Periodic tables representative of each period in history. Families of similar elements (sets sharing colour) shown in each table summarise the patterns and do not necessarily imply continuity nor simultaneity of the families throughout the period:

Semicircular Hybrid Chart of the Nuclides

Nawa Nagayasu has produced a new version of the Segrè Chart of the Nuclides.

Nawa writes:

"The chart has the number of neutrons on the [curved] horizontal axis and the number of protons (atomic number) on the vertical axis. I used the IAEA colour coding [scheme]. JAEA's half-life ranks are indicated by simple numbers, not rounded frames.

"In order to fit the whole chart into a semicircle, the axis representing the number of neutrons was made a spiral-like curve. For clarity, the number of neutrons is shown in the middle of each curve."

Yuri Oganessian has commented:

"Nawa Nagayasu is an original and talented designer. After all, it is not easy to work with 118 elements, but now also with isotopes, of which there are more than 3000. The fan design looks attractive and this is very important. This will make people, especially school age, guess the numbers that are written there. So they will gradually delve into the content of the Table, a truly brilliant creation."

Click image to enlarge

Holistic View of Metals & Nonmetals: Exploded View

From Organising the metals and nonmetals: An update by René Vernon from the chemrxiv preprint server.

Rene writes:

Abstract: This paper updates my 2020 article, Organising the metals and nonmetals in which I advocated for parsing the periodic table into four kinds of metals and four of nonmetals. This framework is retained and updated, and augmented with some additional chemistry-related and philosophical observations.

Chemdex: Valence & Oxidation Number Trends

From Mark Winter's review paper Chemdex: quantification and distributions of valence numbers, oxidation numbers, coordination numbers, electron numbers, and covalent bond classes for the elements Dalton Trans., 2024,53, 493-511 https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DT03738J.

The images below show the Valence number (VN) and oxidation number (ON) proportions as percentages for the elements; and Periodic tables displaying valence number proportions (%). (There are few data for Pm and no data for Fr and elements beyond Es.)

The position of H and the group numbers are addressed in the paper.

Bala's Shape of the Periodic Table

Gavin J. Bala has produced a nice and detailed look at The Shape of The Periodic Table (.PDF) that reviews the science:

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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