Periodic Table |
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Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix Database
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Heavy Metal Lewis Acids

Transition, Post-Transition, Lanthanide & Actinide Cations & Bulk Metals | ![]() Search for heavy metal Lewis acid species in The Chemical Thesaurus |
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FMO Topology: | Multiple vacant lobe-shaped p, d or f orbitals which may rehybridize on complexation. Many orbitals available for back-bonding. Pearson's original analysis remains excellent. |
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Charge: | Positive or neutral. | |||||||||
HSAB: |
Hard to soft. Pearson states in his early HSAB publications, see elsewhere in this webbook, that transition metal ions of high oxidation state are harder than those of low oxidation state. ![]() |
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Chemistry: | Heavy metals exhibit variable oxidation state and their complexes are generally back-bonded. | |||||||||
Congeneric Series: |
Few congeneric series, although periodicity is seen down groups:
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Heavy metal Lewis acid (generic)![]() |
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Antimony more here |
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Antimony(III) ion more here |
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Antimony(V) ion more here |
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Arsenic more here |
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Arsenic(III) ion more here |
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Arsenic(V) ion more here |
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Barium more here |
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Beryllium more here |
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Bismuth more here |
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Bismuth ion more here |
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Bismuth(V) Ion more here |
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Cadmium more here |
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Cadmium ion more here |
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Calcium more here |
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Cerium more here |
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Cerium(III) ion more here |
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Cerium(IV) ion more here |
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Cesium more here |
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Chromium more here |
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Chromium(II) ion more here |
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Chromium(III) ion more here |
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Chromium(VI) ion more here |
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Cobalt more here |
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Cobalt(II) ion more here |
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Cobalt(III) ion more here |
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Copper more here |
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Copper(I) ion more here |
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Copper(II) ion more here |
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Dibutyltin dilayrate more here |
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Gallium more here |
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Gallium(I) ion more here |
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Gallium(III) ion more here |
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Germanium more here |
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Germanium(II) ion more here |
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Gold more here |
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Gold(I) Ion more here |
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Gold(III) Ion more here |
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Indium more here |
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Indium(I) ion more here |
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Indium(III) Ion more here |
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Iridium more here |
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Iridium(III) Ion more here |
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Iridium(IV) Ion more here |
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Iron more here |
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Iron(II) ion more here |
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Iron(III) bromide more here |
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Iron(III) chloride more here |
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Iron(III) ion more here |
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Lanthanum more here |
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Lanthanum(III) Ion more here |
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Lead more here |
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Lead(II) ion more here |
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Lead(IV) ion more here |
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Lindlar catalyst more here |
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Manganese more here |
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Manganese(II) ion more here |
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Manganese(III) ion more here |
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Manganese(IV) ion more here |
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Manganese(VII) ion more here |
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Mercury more here |
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Mercury(I) ion more here |
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Mercury(II) acetate more here |
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Mercury(II) ion more here |
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Molybdenum more here |
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Molybdenum(III) ion more here |
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Molybdenum(IV) ion more here |
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Molybdenum(VI) ion more here |
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Nickel more here |
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Nickel(II) ion more here |
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Osmium more here |
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Osmium(III) Ion more here |
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Osmium(IV) Ion more here |
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Palladium more here |
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Palladium on barium sulfate more here |
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Palladium on carbon more here |
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Palladium(II) ion more here |
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Platinum more here |
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Platinum on carbon more here |
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Platinum(II) ion more here |
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Platinum(IV) oxide more here |
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Potassium more here |
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Raney nickel more here |
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Rhenium(VII) ion more here |
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Rhodium more here |
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Rhodium on carbon more here |
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Rhodium(I) ion more here |
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Rubidium more here |
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Ruthenium more here |
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Ruthenium on carbon more here |
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Ruthenium(II) ion more here |
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Scandium more here |
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Scandium(III) ion more here |
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Selenium more here |
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Silver more here |
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Silver ion more here |
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Sodium more here |
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Strontium more here |
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Tantalum more here |
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Tantalum(III) Ion more here |
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Tellurium more here |
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Tetrachloroborate more here |
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Thallium more here |
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Thallium(I) ion more here |
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Thallium(III) ion more here |
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Tin more here |
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Tin(II) chloride more here |
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Tin(II) ion more here |
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Tin(IV) ion more here |
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Titanium more here |
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Titanium(II) ion more here |
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Titanium(III) ion more here |
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Titanium(IV) ion more here |
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Tricarbonylhydrocobalt(I) more here |
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Tungsten more here |
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Tungsten(VI) Ion more here |
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Uranium more here |
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Uranium(III) ion more here |
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Uranium(IV) ion more here |
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Vanadate(IV) ion more here |
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Vanadium more here |
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Vanadium(II) ion more here |
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Vanadium(III) ion more here |
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Vanadium(IV) ion more here |
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Vanadium(V) ion more here |
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Y more here |
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Yttrium more here |
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Yttrium(III) ion more here |
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Zinc more here |
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Zinc bromide more here |
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Zinc ion more here |
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Zinc mercury amalgam more here |
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Zinc-Copper Alloy more here |
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Zirconium more here |
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Zirconium ion more here |
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Poster | Nucleophiles & Bases |
© Mark R. Leach 1999 –
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