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| What is the Periodic Table Showing? | Periodicity |
The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables
There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D. The database holds information on periodic tables, the discovery of the elements, the elucidation of atomic weights and the discovery of atomic structure (and much, much more).
Periodic Tables from the year 1965 :
| 1965 | Alexander Arrangement of Elements |
| 1965 | Giguère's Periodic Table |
| 1965 | Mazurs' 1965 Formulation |
| 1965 | Dutch Periodic Table |
| Year: 1965 | PT id = 21, Type = formulation 3D spiral |
Alexander Arrangement of Elements
The Alexander Arrangement of Elements is a 3D periodic table concept based on strict adherence to the Periodic Law, and, like the first representation of elements in periods by de Chancourtois, connects every element data box in unbroken order.
Roy Alexander, a Brooklyn born science museum exhibit and teaching aid designer, has told me in a personal communication: "I came up with the idea (being ignorant of anything but the flat Sargent Welch charts) in 1965. I wasn't able to patent [the downslant in the p-block] until 1971." (U.S.Patent #3,581,409)
At the time Roy had no idea that others had employed a similar technique to build a 3D table - including the very first periodic table developer, de Chancourtois, who is often credited with being the original discoverer of the periodicity of elements and the originator of the three-dimensional method of element arrangement and representation.
These 3D forms attempt to return the Seaborg separated f-block to its proper position in the table rather than remaining exiled. This, and contemporary attitudes about Hydrogen as being in more families than one - is uniquely addressed in Roy's 3D models.
Subsequent study of the Periodic Law and the periodic table's value in education convinced Roy that the basic rationale for developing the Alexander Arrangement of Elements was only one of the many good reasons for producing it for the public to share, so he sought and was granted a U.S. patent on the p-block downslant in order to manufacture and market the AAEs as teaching/learning aids.
Roy Alexander's goal of introducing the AAE into classrooms, laboratories, chemistry textbooks, and reference material remains the same today, but rather than replacing the conventional charts, its niche in education is at the very point that a lesson on arrangement of atoms into a chart begins. Element sequencing (vs. 24 breaks/gaps) credits the chart as well as the Periodic Law, which establishes subsequent confidence in the common flat charts, much as the world globe establishes the reality, and flat printed projections - maps - are vital (and relished) for convenience.
The first commercial production of Alexander Arrangements was in 1995, when Roy pioneered by constructing a website - periodictable.com - for marketing. Three versions were printed: two versions for student entry of element symbols, the larger die-cut for easier assembly.
An even larger model was produced with basic element data printed in the boxes, also die cut. These were printed on white card stock, with black ink.
Another version (below) was produced in conjunction with ATMI's annual report in 2000. This was added to Roy's product offerings, called the DeskTopper, and is still available. They are die cut to form a 7.25" high model with the f-block position attached after La, but can be altered to put La on the f-block. (See AAE Features at the top of this page.)
Besides the hands-on educational application, the DeskTopper can be used as a pen & pencil caddy, and flattened without losing the continuity of the element data. This flattened form has suggested design of a Braille periodic table of the same format, and this is also being pursued.
Marketing the Alexander Arrangements was moved to AllPeriodicTables.com in cooperation with Theodore Gray in 2006, who purchased the PeriodicTable.com domain name and funded the production of Roy's newest model, illustrated with Theo's amazing element photos.
For the first time, the elements beyond those naturally occurring have been omitted from a modern periodic table, simplifying initiation to chemistry. This factor denies the concept of obsolescence, and this version has been called the Forever Periodic Table. Details of this new 3D periodic table model kit have been placed at 3DPeriodicTable.com.
Further AAE information and images may be found at the Alexander Arrangement website.
| Year: 1965 | PT id = 525, Type = formulation spiral 3D |
Giguère's Periodic Table
Paul Giguère's Periodic Table formulation, "The 'new look' for the periodic system". Chemistry in Canada vol. 18 (12): 36–39 (see p. 37). More info here: https://github.com/groverlab/giguere-3D-periodic-table.
René Vernon writes:
"I have not considered Giguère’s table at any length, so the following pros and cons are off the top of my head:
Pros:
- Elegant and visually appealing overall design.
- Offers an impression of continuity through its (almost) spiral layout.
Cons:
- In practice, this formulation does not resolve the discontinuity of periods any better than the conventional table; one still needs to complete one turn of the spiral and then mentally leap to the next, much as one moves from one row to the next in the flat form.
- Includes the He-over-Be placement, which remains controversial.
- Quantitative comparisons (group or period properties) become less readable; there’s no immediate visual sense of columns.
- Despite its elegance, the f-block placement appears somewhat awkward.
- Communicates feel more than data.
- It seems to imply relationships between groups on opposite sides of the p-, d- and f-blocks (for instance, between Sc-Y-Lu-Lr and Zn-Cd-Hg-Cn), whereas the actual correspondences run the other way; that is, between the early and later transition groups, such as 3–7 and 8–12. As Imyanitov (2018) observed: "In a generalised form, the properties of the early d? (f?) elements and their compounds are similar to those of the late d? + 5 (f? + 7)."
It’s striking that there are only two pros but several cons, perhaps a reflection of the inherent difficulties faced by three-dimensional periodic tables in improving on the conventional form?"
| Year: 1965 | PT id = 692, Type = formulation |
Mazurs' 1965 Formulation
From Edward G. Mazurs' 1974 (2nd edition) Graphic Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years, University of Alabama Press:
Thanks to Philip Stewart for the tip!
| Year: 1965 | PT id = 713, Type = formulation |
Dutch Periodic Table
A Dutch periodic table formulation, Periodiek Systeem van de Elementen, probably from the mid-nineteen sixties: Element 103 Lr (shown as Lw), discovered 1961, is listed but Rf 104, discovered in 1964 is not shown.
Note how this formulation shows the noble gases, He-Rn, both on the left-side and the right-side.
This historic and original periodic table is listed for sale (Nov. 2015) on the Not On The Hight Street website.
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| What is the Periodic Table Showing? | Periodicity |
© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –
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