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Periodic Tables providing data about the chemical elements, rather than novel formulations:
2007
Theo Gray's Photographic Periodic Table
Theodore Gray's Periodic Table.Com is a live version of what is generally regarded as the most beautiful periodic table to be developed so far. It is a treasure trove of pictures, videos and stories. Explore!
Theo is an enthusiast and a collector, and he uses the power of Mathematica (he is a co-founder of Wolfram Research) to drive his astonishing website. It is Theo's aim to be the number one periodic table resource on the web. Personally, I find Theo's website and approach to be complementary to the more academic WebElements.
1993
WebElements: The Periodic Table on The Web
As of Dec. 2006, there are 117 chemical elements, according to the excellent webelements periodic table web site:
The number of known elements does change.
The chemogenesis web book uses the WebElements periodic table as its master data source, and it does not attempt to duplicate it. These are the data fields associated with Web Elements Scholar Edition:
|
Abundance of
elements (Earth's crust) |
Electronegativities
|
Oxidation states
in compounds |
American Elements
Supplier & Element Industrial Information: American Elements
Analytical Chemist's Periodic Table
This PT gives information about storage and analysis of the elements.
Astronomer's Periodic Table
Highly amusing for chemists is the astronomer's periodic table because astronomers consider there to be three types of element:
- hydrogen
- helium
- metal
Yup, cosmologists and other professional star gazers consider all elements, atomic number three and up, to be metals.
Atomic Radii Periodic Table
Atomic Spectra Periodic Table
The University of Oregon Department of Physics has a dynamic periodic table, here, which shows the atomic spectra of all the elements:
Biologist's Periodic Tables
A periodic table showing where biologically essential (green), essential trace (purple), toxic (red), radioactive (yellow) and of low – but not zero– biological impact (gray) elements are found. Only highly toxic elements are shown in red. Li (as Li+) is biologically active and is used as an antidepressant.
or here:
And a periodic table for biologists from Science Videos:
Chemical & Engineering News Periodic Table
A periodic table from C&EN with links to fascinating stories about the chemical elements:
Chemical Thesaurus Periodic Table
Search for chemical reagents, atomic and molecular ions, minerals, isotopes, elemental data, etc., using the periodic table built into The Chemical Thesaurus reaction chemistry database:
Dates of Discovery
Note how many elements were discovered in the 19th century.
In 1800, only a couple of dozen elements where known. By 1900, the set was more or less complete as far as the non-radioactive elements are concerned: Rhenium was the only non-radioactive element that had not been discovered by the year 1900.
Download Excel, Word & PDF Periodic Tables for Printing, etc.
A periodic table in Excel spreadsheet format by Jeff Bigler of Waltham HS:
An excellent and detailed Two Page .pdf Periodic Table from Consol:
2010
Dynamic Periodic Table
Michael Dayah's Dynamic Periodic Table, in development since 1997, is a traditional data presentation periodic table with a beautiful, flexible & fast user interface.
For example, when selecting "MP", "BP", "Discovery", etc. a slider appears and the PT changes in colour dynamically to reflect the change. PDF and PNG versions can be downloaded:
Highly recommended!
Earth Scientist's Periodic Table of The Elements and Their Ions by Bruce Railsback, here
Electronegativity Periodic Table
A periodic table showing electronegativity, "The ability of an atom to attract electron density from a covalent bond" (Linus Pauling). Blue elements are electronegative, red elements are electropositive, and purple elements are intermediate. Notice how hydrogen is intermediate in electronegativity between carbon and boron and is positioned above and between these elements:
Element Collection Periodic Table
It is possible to buy sets of elements presented as a periodic table from RGB Research Ltd.
Element Material Type Periodic Table
All of the the main group elements are common laboratory reagents or chemical in bottles. They appear as metals, metalloid (semi-metals) and non-metals. Most of the non-metals are molecular materials while most of the metalloids have an extended network-covalent structure.
Elsewhere in the chemogenesis web book, material type is discussed in terms of the Laing Tetrahedron, an analysis that classifies binary materials in terms of four extreme types: metallic, ionic, molecular and network. However, none the chemical elements present as ionic materials, only as metals, molecular (van er Waals) and network materials:
The elements B, C, Si, P, S, Ge, As, Se, Sn, Sb and Te can form allotropes: pure elemental substances that can exist with different crystalline structures from the Wikipedia. Allotropes may be metallic, network or molecular.
Elemental Hydride Types Periodic Table
- Ionic or Salt-Like Hydrides: Molten LiH conducts electricity and hydrogen gas is liberated at the anode confirming presence of hydride ion H–. The crystal structures show an ionic lattice, and not an LiH molecular lattice.
- Covalent Hydrides are formed by the p-Bolock elements.
- Metallic or Interstitial Hydrides are formed by many d-block and f-block elements when heated with hydrogen under pressure. The hydrides tend to be non-stoichiometric and they may be of variable composition.
- There is a Hydride Gap where elements do not form hydrides. This roughly maps to the Siderophile Elements of the geologist's periodic table (below).
- The Intermediate Hydrides do not fit: beryllium hydride is polymeric, (BeH2)n. Others have properties between metallic and covalent.
The main group elemental hydrides are all well known reagent chemicals. The main group hydrides always give the lowest and most common oxidation state, and all chemicals are molecular in the gas phase. The Group I and II hydrides are ionic materials, but they can be vaporised to give the molecular form.
The chemicals present and behave as Lewis acids, Lewis bases or Lewis acid/base complexes, here:
Elemental Oxidation States Periodic Table
The periodic table of fluorides (mainly) shows the range of possible oxidation states. Note that lithium, by way of example, is deemed to have two oxidation states: Li0 (the metal), and Li+ (the lithium ion):
There are a few exceptions and points to note:
- There is a general increase in the number of possible oxidation states towards the lower right hand side of the periodic table.
- Nitrogen(V) fluoride, NF5, is not known, but the nitrogen(V) oxide is: N2O5.
- PtBr2 and PtBr3 are known, but PtF2 and PtF3 are not.
- All elements are known in the zero oxidation state, but apart from: He, Ne & Ar, and these are not shown in the diagram below.
- All data is from WebElements.
1970
Elements According to Relative Abundance
A 1970 periodic table by Prof. Wm. F. Sheehan of the University of Santa Clara that claims to show the elements according to relative abundance at the Earth's surface.
Click here to see the full size version with a little more text:
However, this author disputes the relative areas given to the various elements; there is almost no helium at the Earth's surface, for example.
Below is a conventional PT representation of the relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust taken from Mark Winter's WebElements website:
Elements in Fireworks
Fireworks rely on the chemical characteristics of the elements that are used to make them. This special periodic table highlights the elements that have significance to fireworks and pyrotechnics:
Extraction from Ore to Pure Element
A periodic table showing how pure elements are extracted:
Highly electropositive elements (Na, K) and electronegative elements (Cl2, F2) can only be obtained by electrolysis.
Geologist's Periodic Table
Atmophile Elements - noble gases and covalently bonded gaseous molecules. The atoms and molecules are attracted by weak van der Waals forces and so these elements remain gaseous at room temperature.
Lithophile Elements - Those elements which form ionic bonds generally have filled outer electron shells. They typically bond to oxygen in silicates and oxides.
Siderophile Elements - The metals near iron in the periodic table that exhibit metallic bonding, have a weak affinity for oxygen and sulfur and are readily soluble in molten iron. Examples include iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum, gold, tin, and tantalum. These elements are depleted in the earth crust because they have partitioned into the earth's iron core.
Chalcophile Elements - The elements that bond to S, Se, Te, Sb, and As. These bonds are predominantly covalent in character.
As discussed in more detail here.
Group Numbering Systems
Phase State: Solid, Liquid, Gas at 20°C & 700°C
Inorganic Chemist's Periodic Table
Every element has a specialist, somewhere, for whom it is the most important element.
Ionic Radii Periodic Table
Mass Anomaly Periodic Table
Pairs of atoms where atomic mass does not follow atomic number.
|
Co
|
=
|
58.933 |
Ni
|
=
|
58.69 | ||
|
Ar
|
=
|
39.948 |
K
|
=
|
39.098 | ||
|
Te
|
=
|
127.60 |
I
|
=
|
126.90 |
Nature's little quirk – due to the intricacies of nuclear chemistry and isotopic abundance – caused no end of difficulties to the developers of the periodic table in the mid-nineteenth century. Scientists could determine atomic mass, but knew nothing of protons or atomic numbers.
The tellurium-iodine anomaly was a particular problem.
Merck Periodic Table of The Elements
The Merck periodic table of the elements, here:
Metal Crystal Structure Periodic Table
Developed from Dr S.J. Heyes' First Year Inorganic Chemistry lecture notes (Oxford University):
Minerals by Chemical Composition
Lists minerals by percent element. From the excellent webmineral mineralogy database:
NMR Nuclear Spin Periodic Table
An nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy periodic table giving information the nuclear spins, etc., of the chemical elements. From the Bruker corporation website:
2009
Orbitron Gallery of Atomic Orbitals
The Orbitron gallery of atomic orbitals is a poster available from Mark Winter's Web Elements:
The orbitron web page is here.
Organic Chemist's Periodic Table
Organic chemistry is dominated by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Other elements are commonly encountered in the organic lab, others less commonly and some... almost never at all...
A less than useful formulation (!):
followed by a slightly more useful organic chemist's periodic table:
Periodic Table Live!
A good site with info, pictures and video clips, here:
2008 Periodic Table of Videos
The chemistry department at the University of Nottingham has produced a series of YouTube video information clips about the chemical elements:
2008
Periodic Table X
Periodic Table X is a periodic table for the Macintosh.
Phase State: Solid, Liquid, Gas at 20°C & 700°C
Radioactivity Periodic Table
A periodic table showing the elements that have no stable isotopes, so that all samples are radioactive:
Seawater Periodic Table
A periodic table of references to analytical chemistry papers associated with the elements. If you want to know how much gallium in seawater, this would be a good place to start:
2005
Smart Elements
Smart Elements, at smart-elements.com, is a company selling physical samples of chemical elements for research, education & collection.
- High purity Elements for Science, Laboratory and Education
- High-End element samples for collectors, museums, lectures and exhibitions
- Free picture service for educational purposes
- Professional advisory service
- Purchase of Elements
Smart Elements sell numerous examples of all the naturally occuring elements. For example they sell 26 copper, Cu, products including samples in acrylic blocks, vials and bottles:
A Student's Periodic Table
Students are expected to know that in all equations hydrogen is molecular should [nearly always] be written as H2. Likewise, nitrogen is N2, oxygen O2, fluorine F2, chlorine Cl2, bromine Br2 and iodine I2. But somehow students are expected to know that molecular sulfur, S8, should be written as S and molecular phosphorus, P4, should be written as P.
Superconducting Elements
A periodic table showing which elements become superconducting at low temperature.
Visual Elements Periodic Table
Visual Elements Periodic Table
Wooden Periodic Table Table
Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table – a wooden table that incorporates a periodic table – is a treasure trove, both on the web and in reality (his office).
The web site contains over 12 gig of data and beautiful images. Explore!
Theo's new site is periodictable.com.
X-ray Absorption Edges
The periodic table links to tabulations of an elements characteristic x-ray absorption edge energies, and of the anomalous scattering coefficients f' and f" as a function of incident x-ray energy:
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Binary Compounds
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© Mark R. Leach 1999-2009
Queries, Suggestions, Bugs, Errors, Typos...
If you have any:
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This free, open access web book is an ongoing project and your input is appreciated.
