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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables
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Periodic Table formulations from the years 1900 - 1949, by date:
1900
Elements Known in the Year 1900
Elements known in the year 1900, taken from this Wikipedia page:
1900
Chronology of Splitting The Rare Earths: "Ceria" & "Yttria"
Chronology of the splitting of "ceria" (mixed oxides) in the different composing rare-earth elements:
Chronology of the splitting of "yttria" (mixed oxides) in the different composing rare-earth elements:
From: CRC Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Chapter 248. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis by Pieter Thyssen and Koen Binnemans (ISBN: 978-0-444-53590-0)
1902
Brauner's Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1902
Erdmann's Spiral Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1902
Blitz's Periodensystem der Elemente
Periodic Table of Biltz (1902) with an intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths. Reproduced from Biltz, H., 1902. Ber. 35 (562), 4242:
1904
Benedicks' Periodic Table
Periodic Table of Benedicks (1904) with an intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths. Reproduced from Benedicks, C., 1904. Z. Anorg. Chem. 39, 41:
1904
Mendeleev's 1904 Periodic Table
Mendeleev periodic table formulation from 1904.
This formulation was prepared to go with Mendeleev's article predicting that the ether (aether) would be found at the head of group zero in period zero. Also that dashes are left for six elements between H and He.
The predicted elements eka-boron (scandium), eka-aluminium (gallium) & eka-silicon (germanium) are present but the radioactive eka-manganese (technetium) is not. Also, the noble gas elements are on the left hand side of the formulation:
Thanks to Philip Stewart for the corrections and details.
1904
Ramsay's Periodic Arrangement of The Elements
From Scientific American in 1904, an article by Sir William Ramsay discussing the Periodic Arrangement of The Element:
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1905
Werner's Periodic Table Arrangement
Above from Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf and below from Eric Scerri.
Eric comments that the interesting features are:
- A remarkably modern looking formulation in that it separates not only the transition metals but also the rare earths into separate blocks to give what we would now call a "long-form 32 column table". Except Werner guessed wrong as to how many rare earths exist, with the result that he shows 33 groups.
- This formulation is also interesting for showing an element between H and He and two elements before H.
- Werner computed the average gaps between atomic weights for the second through the fifth periods as 1.85, 2.4, 2.47 and 2.5, respectively.
- From this he extrapolated the gap for the first period as 1.5, which coincidentally was also half the difference between the atomic weights of H and He. Werner thus predicted a new element with atomic weight 2.5.
- Moseley's work of 1913 showed there were no elements before H and none between H and He.
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1906
Mendeleev's 1906 Periodic Table
Mendeleev's periodic table of 1906, the last drawn up by Mendeleev himself, and published in the 8th edition of his textbook, Principles of Chemistry. He died in 1907.
- H retains the position of 1871
- The triad of Cu, Ag, Au is still duplicated.
- The noble gases are Group O
- This arrangement predates the concepts of atomic number and electron configuration
- Coronium is shown with a dash
Thanks to Philip Stewart for the corrections.
1908
Young's Table
From Young's textbook Stoichiometry (1908):
1911
Adams' Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1911
Emerson's Helix
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1911
Soddy's Three-Dimensional System
Soddy's three-dimensional system of 1911 (from van Spronsen):
1911
Baur's Periodic Table
Baur's periodic table, from Baur, E., 1911. Z. Phys. Chem. 76, 659:
1913
Moseley's Periodic Law
Henry Moseley (1887-1915) subjected known elements to x-rays and was able to derive a relationship between x-ray frequency and number of protons.
From Scientific American:
"It was the clever young English physicist, Moseley, who discovered that the atomic number for each element was the number of external electrons in the atom.
"With this discovery came a law concerning the X-ray lines of any element in an X-ray target.
"Moseley's law states that the wavelength of these lines is inversely proportional to the square of the atomic number of the element. Therefore, if we know the atomic number of the element we are looking for, we can predict the wavelength of· certain lines in its X-ray spectrum.
"If we set up our X-ray spectrograph so as to catch these lines where we expect them to fall, then, if the element is present in the target which we have chosen to use in our X-ray tube, we should know it. This provides one good way to identify difficult elements, but it is well to have another to use as a check. One of the best of these, and one which is almost as sensi- tive as the X-ray method, is that of positive.ray analysis."
From his paper, The High Frequency Spectra of The Elements, H. G. J. Moseley, M. A. Phil. Mag. (1913), p. 1024, available here:
1913
Rhydberg's Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1914
Hackh's Spiral Periodic Table
Ingo Hackh's spiral periodic table of 1914, from Das Synthetisches System der Atome, Hamburg, Hephaestos.
Philip Stewart says:
"I believe that Hackh's 1914 spiral is of special interest it is the first spiral to take account of Mosley's atomic numbers, and the first to show successively larger pairs of coils. It is also interesting because H stands alone in the centre. I have only seen Mazurs' redrawn (as usual!) version, but Mazurs gives SciAm Supplement 1919 as one reference."
This is the Mazurs version:
1916
Harkins & Hall's Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1916
Dushman's Periodic Table
By Dushman et al., a take on Mendeleeve's Periodic System:
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1917
CRC Periodic Table
A periodic table from the 1924 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics showing 79 elements. The text says "Revised To 1917". From here.
1918
Hackh's Classification of the Elements
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1918
Meyer's Periodisches System der Elemente
Periodic Table of Meyer (1918) with an intraperiodic accommodation of the rare earths. Reproduced from Meyer, S., 1918. Phys. Z. 19, 178:
1919
Langmuir's Periodic Table
Irving Langmuir's 1919 periodic table formulation using chemical properties rather than arguments from the emerging quantum theory:
1919
Hackh's Classification of the Elements, Updated
From a Scientific American in March 1919, an article by Ingo W. D. Hackh discussing the classification of the elements.
Shown is a periodic table slightly updated from a version from two years before, and referenced by Quam & Quam:
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1919
Hackh's Periodic Spiral
From a Scientific American in March 1919, an article by Ingo W. D. Hackh discussing the classification of the elements.
Included is a periodic spiral, developed from Hackh's 1914 version:
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1919
Hackh's Periodic Chain
From a Scientific American in March 1919, an article by Ingo W. D. Hackh discussing the classification of the elements.
Included is a periodic chain showing the redox states of the elements:
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1920
Nodder's Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1920
Partington's Periodic Arrangement of the Elements
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1920
Schaltenbrand's Helical Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1920
Kohlweiler's System
Kohlweiler's system of 1920 (from van Spronsen):
1921
Margary's Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1922
Bohr's System
Bohr's system of 1922 (from van Spronsen):
1923
Deming Periodic Table
H.G. Deming used the long periodic table in his textbook General Chemistry, which appeared in the USA for the first time in 1923 (Wiley), and designated the first two and the last five Main Groups with the notation "A", and the intervening Transition Groups with the notation "B".
The numeration was chosen so that the characteristic oxides of the B groups would correspond to those of the A groups. The iron, cobalt, and nickel groups were designated neither A nor B. The Noble Gas Group was originally attached (by Ueming) to the left side of the periodic table. The group was later switched to the right side and usually labeled as Group VlllA.
This version of the periodic table was distributed for many years by the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company, Skokie, Illinois, USA.:
1923
Deming’s Other 1923 Periodic Table: Mendeleev style
Deming’s "other" 1923 periodic table: a Mendeleev style formulation with an unusual metal-non-metal dividing line:
1924
Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms
The American classic Henry Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms went through 12 editions.
A 1924 original on a dining room wall:
The current Sargent Welch version of the Henry Hubbard Periodic Table:
1925
Courtines' Periodic Classification
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1925
Friend's Periodic System
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1925
Noddack Periodic Table
Ida Noddack studied the periodic table in the first half of the 20th century and was the co-discoverer of the last non-radioactive element to be isolated, rhenium. Later she worked on nuclear fission. In 1925 presented Noddack her formulation:
From Ida Noddack and the Missing Elements by Fathi Habashi, Education in Chemistry (March 2009)
1925
Deming's (Updated) Periodic Table
This 1925 table has the Heavy Metals spread out, and the Rare Earth Elements (fifteen, including La and Lu) withdrawn into a box that is divorced from the body of the table. Ce, Gd, Yb form a vertical triad.
Th is assigned to Group IV below Hf.
From Michael Laing's paper: A Revised Periodic Table with the Lanthanides Repositioned, Found. Chem. (2005) 7: 203–233
1926
Andreas von Antropoff's Periodic Table
The Andreas von Antropoff periodic table, restored by Philip Stewart on the basis of the article 'Eine neue Form des periodischen Systems der Elementen'. Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie 39, pp. 722-725, 1926:
This formulation has a satisfying balance compared to most other tables and was the most popular wall-chart in German schools for many years but quickly disappeared after von Antropoff was disgraced in 1945 for his Nazi activities: he presided over the raising of the swastika over Bonn University in 1933. But he put science above politics and was a stout defender of Einstein's theories.
A recently restored wall version of the von Antropoff formulation from the University of Barcelona, origionally painted in 1934 (thanks to Philip Stewart & Claudi Mans):
Perhaps it was the disgrace of von Antropoff which led Linus Pauling to borrow his design, without acknowledgement, for his 1949 book, General Chemistry (and subsequently in later editions of The Chemical Bond).
The PT below is scanned in from Pauling's The Nature of The Chemical Bond, 3rd ed., 1960:
1926
Monroe & Turner's Spiral
Monroe and Turner's spiral, in which they correctly place the actinides. Information supplied by Philip Stewart.
Ref. is C J Monroe and W D Turner A new Periodic Table of the Elements, J Chem Ed, 3, 1058-65, 1926
1926
Walter Russell's Periodic Chart of The Elements 1
Walter Russell's Periodic Chart of The Elements 1. View other formulations and an interview here:
1926
Walter Russell's Periodic Chart of The Elements 2
Walter Russell's Periodic Chart of The Elements 2. View other formulations and an interview here:
1926
Hopkins' Nearly Completed Periodic Table of The Elements
From a Scientific American of March 1927, an article by B.S. Hopkins discussing the building blocks of the universe.
Included is The Nearly Completed [Hubbard Type] Periodic Table of the Elements from 1926.
As Eric Scerri pointed out: "Notice element, 43, masurium, according to Noddack, Noddack and Berg, and later synthesized as Tc":
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1928
Janet's Helicoidal Classification
Janet's Helicoidal Classification, essentially his left-step formulation in its spiral version (ref. Charles Janet, La Classification Hélicoïdale des Éléments Chimiques. Beauvais: Imprimerie Départementale de l'Oise. 1928). Information supplied by Philip Stewart:
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1928
Janet's "Lemniscate" Formulation
From in The Helicoidal Classification of the Elements, Chemical News vol. 138, 21 June 1929, Fig. XI, p. 392:
Philip Stewart points out that this formulation is an 'end on' view of the Janet Cylinder or Three-Dimensional Spiral-Tube System formulation, and the term "lemniscate" comes from Mazurs.
1928
Janet's Left Step Periodic Table
There are the three versions of Janet's left step PT. He tried out versions I and II in his April 1928 paper, and rejected them in favour of version III in his paper of November of the same year. Each one was derived from a helix drawn on nested cylinders. Information supplied by Philip Stewart. Click each image for a larger image:
1928
Janet's Three-Dimensional Spiral-Tube System
Janet's Three-Dimensional Spiral-Tube System of 1928 (from van Spronsen):
Click here for large diagram.
1930
Janet's Shell Filling Diagram
Janet produced six papers, in French, which are almost unobtainable as he had them privately printed and didn't distribute them properly. The shell-filling diagram dated from November 1930, six years before Madelung. Note that Janet uses Bohr's radial quantum number, k, which is l+1. In the text he formulates the n+k-1 rule. Information supplied by Philip Stewart.
1932
Stareck's Natural Periodic System
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1933
Quam's Periodic Chart
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1933
Rixon's Diagram of the Periodic Table
From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf
1933
Clark's Periodic Arrangement of The Elements
Origionally developed in 1933:
1934
Brazilian Version of The Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms
A Brazilian Version of the American classic Henry Hubbard Periodic Chart Of The Atoms from a lecture theater in Rio, rediscovered by Martyn Poliakoff of PeriodicVideos.com and The University of Nottingham. From the early 1930s:
- Ma – Masurium (43) Disputed claim to discovery of technetium.
- Cb – Columbium (41) Former name of niobium
- Ab – Alabamine (85) Discredited claim to discovery of astatine.
- Il – Illinium (61) Discredited also
- Sa – Samarium (62) Current symbol is Sm
- Sp – Spectrium (70) Suggested name for ytterbium
- Cb – Columbium (41) Former name of niobium (also called Pelopium)
The current Sargent Welch version of the Henry Hubbard Periodic Table:
1934
Romanoff's System
Romanoff's System of 1934 (from van Spronsen):
1934
Leningrad Monument To The Periodic Table
Leningrad monument to the periodic table, located near to the main chamber of weights and measures, 1934 (from van Spronsen):
From Wikipedia:
1934
White's Periodic Table
The periodic table of White shows the normal state electronic configurations, from H.E. White. Introduction to Atomic Spectra. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1934,
p. 85, Table 5.4..
Helium is clearly associated with H, and placed above Be in accord with the s2 electron configuration of the free atom.
1935
Triangular Periodic Table by Emil Zmaczynski
A Triangular Periodic Table by Emil Zmaczynski, click here for a live web version:
1937
Pozzi Spiral Periodic Table
A spiral periodic table formulation constructed by E.C. Pozzi in 1937, from here.
Note the "Strong Positive, Strong Negative, Weak Positive and Weak Negative" corners:
1937
Zmaczynski's Fan-Shaped System
Zmaczynski's fan-shaped system of 1937 (from van Spronsen):
1942
Paneth's Table
Published by Paneth in 1942 in an article in Nature in which he suggests that newly discovered elements such as Z = 43 should be given names by their discoverers. The other highlighted elements (below) had also not yet been named.
Element 43 had been discovered 9 years earlier but had not been given an official name because there was reluctance to consider synthetic elements on the same footing as naturally occurring ones. This changed as a result of Paneth's article.
For more information see Eric Scerri's, A Tale of Seven Elements, OUP, 2013.
Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.
1943
Finke's Spatial System
Finke's spatial system of 1943 (from van Spronsen):
1944
Müller's Tree System
In 1944 Müller produced a formulation based on Darwin's tree of life (from van Spronsen):
1944
Seaborg's Periodic Table of 1944
From his Priestly Medal Address, The Periodic Table: Tortuous Path to Man-Made Elements printed in C&EN April 16, 1979 and reprinted in Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg (1994), page 181.
Seaborg describes how the extension of the PT – caused the discovery of the transuranic elements, plutonium and neptunium – resulted in a new "uranide" group:
1945
Segré Chart of Elements & Isotopes
The Segré chart of elements and isotopes arranges atomic nuclei by numbers or protons and numbers of neutrons and is a table of nuclides. There are various ways the axes can be arranged. From elsewhere in this chemogenesis webook:
And from Wikipedia:
1945
Seaborg's Periodic Table of 1945
From his Priestly Medal Address, The Periodic Table: Tortuous Path to Man-Made Elements printed in C&EN April 16, 1979 and reprinted in Modern Alchemy: Selected Papers of Glenn T. Seaborg (1994), page 181.
Seaborg describes how "the theory was advanced that [the] new elements heavier than than actinium might constitute a second series similar to the series of 'rare-earth' or 'lanthanide' elements":
1945
Krafft's Periodic Table (1945)
From Ether and Matter, p. 86, Carl Frederick Krafft:
Thanks to Edmond Maurice Peyroux for the tip!
1947Steadman's Design
1947Stedman's Conic System
Stedman's conic system of 1947 (from van Spronsen):
1949Pauling's Formulation
Linus Pauling borrowed von Antropoff 1926 design, without acknowledgement, for his 1949 book, General Chemistry (and subsequently in later editions of The Chemical Bond).
The periodic table below is scanned in from Pauling's The Nature of The Chemical Bond, 3rd ed., 1960:
1949Clark's Periodic Arrangement of The Elements
Origionally developed in 1933, the colour version of Clark's arrangement is from Life Magazine, May 1949. This was the model for Longman's 1951 mural. Information supplied by Philip Stewart.
1949Wringley's Lamina System
Wringley's lamina system of 1949 (from van Spronsen):
Periodic Table, What is it showing? © Mark R. Leach 1999-
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