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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

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Deming's Periodic Table With Commentry by Vernon

René Vernon writes:

Deming's 1923 periodic table is credited with popularizing the 18-column form.

I now see Deming used different thickness sloping lines to represent the different degrees of similarity between the main groups and their corresponding transition metal groups.

• The line between Li-Na and group 11 is dashed, denoting the weakest relationship.
• Be-Mg are in group 2 The line between Be-Mg and group 12 is not dashed, denoting a stronger relationship.
• B-Al are in group 3
• The line between B-Al and Ga-In-Tl is thicker yet.

When I plot up to 20 chemical properties v Z going down these options I get the following values for the average smoothness of the trendlines:

• 73.5% for Li-Na-Cu(+2)-Ag(+1)-Au(+3) versus 84% for Li-Na-K-Rb-Cs
• 70% Be-Mg over Zn versus 85% for Be-Mg-Ca-Sr-Ba
• 81% for B-Al-Ga-In-Tl versus 88% B-Al-Sc-Y-La

I would have thought the smoothness for the line between Li-Na and Cu would be < 70%, consistent with Deming’s dashed line. But the thickness of the line would depend on what Deming took into account when he drew it. The common wisdom about groups 1 and 11 is that their similarities are: "confined almost entirely to the stoichiometries (as distinct from the chemical properties) of the compounds in the +1 oxidation state." (Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 1177). Kneen et al. (1972, p. 521) say that, "the differences between the properties of the group IA and IB elements are those between a strongly and weakly electropositive metal." On this basis I follow Deming’s dashed line. I’ve appended some notes about Group 1 and Group 11.

• Main group 4 is C-Si-Ge-Sn-Pb
• The line between Si and Ti-Zr-Hf is thick
• The line between N-P and V is less thick
• The line between O-S and Cr is less thick again
• The line between F-Cl and Mn is dashed

I have [calculated] a smoothness for C-Si-Ti-Zr-Hf of 86% versus 70% for C-Si-Ge-Sn-Pb. Since Ti shows some transition metal chemistry but not C-Si, it is perhaps plausible to keep C-Si-Ge-Sn-Pb together (as Deming did ).

Deming was a smart author. Nigh on a century later and the metrics check out.

More about group 1 and group 11

There may be a little more to the relationship between Li-Na & Cu-Ag-Au, than is ordinarily appreciated. For example:

• The resulting composite "group" has two electropositive metals and three more electronegative metals so its overall nature is more nuanced then purely group 1 or purely group 11
• The ionic radii of Li+ and Cu+ are 0.76 and 0.77 Å, and there is at least some discussion in the literature about substitution phenomena (Vasilev et al. 2019, p. 2-15; Udaya et al. 2020, p. 98; Kubenova 2021 et al.)
• Group 1 and 11 metal atoms form clusters relatively easily including Au_4²⁺, Ag_6⁴⁺, Rb_7⁵⁺, Na_4³⁺ (Mile et al. 1991, p. 134; Wulfsberg 2000, p. 631).
• In an organometallic context, Schade & Scheyler (1988, p. 196) wrote that, "There is much evidence that differences between group 1 and group 11 metals are not of principal but rather gradual manner."
• Although most nonmagnetic metals exhibit superconductivity it is significant that the Group 1 and 11 metals do not become superconducting at very low temperatures (Rao & Gopalakrishnan 1997, p. 398).
• Gold forms intermetallic compounds with all alkali metals (Schwerdtfeger et al. 1989. p. 1769)

References

• Greenwood NN & Earnshaw A 2002, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford
• Kubenova et al. 2021, "Some thermoelectric phenomena in copper chalcogenides replaced by lithium and sodium alkaline metals", Nanomaterials 2021, vol. 11, no. 9. article 2238, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092238
• Mile et al. 1991, "Matrix-isolation studies of the structures and reactions of small metal particles", Farady Discussions, vol. 92, pp. 129–145 (134), https://doi.org/10.1039/FD9919200129
• Rao CNR & Gopalakrishnan J 1997, New Directions on Solid State Chemistry, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
• Schade C & Schleyer PVR 1988, "Sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium: X-Ray structural analysis of their organic compounds", Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 27, Stone FGA & West R (eds), Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 169–278
• Schwerdtfeger et al. 1989, "Relativistic effects in gold chemistry. I. Diatomic gold compounds.", The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 1762–1774. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.457082
• Udaya et al. 2020, Metal sulphides for lithium-ion batteries, in Inamuddin, Ahmer & Asiri (eds), Lithium-ion batteries: Materials and applications, Materials Research Forum, Millersville PA, pp. 91–122
• Vasiliev AN et al. 2019, Low-dimensional Magnetism, CRC Press, Boca Raton
• Wulfsberg 2000, Inorganic chemistry, University Science Books, Sausalito, CA

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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