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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

Use the drop menus below to search & select from the more than 1300 Period Tables in the database: 

  Text Search:       


Periodic Tables from the years 1800 - 1849, by date:

1800   Elements Known in The Year 1800
1801   Discovery of Niobium
1802   Discovery of Tantalum
1803   Dalton's Postulates About The Elements
1803   Discovery of Palladium
1803   Discovery of Cerium
1803   Discovery of Osmium
1803   Discovery of Iridium
1804   Discovery of Rhodium
1807   Discovery of Sodium
1807   Discovery of Potassium
1808   Dalton's Elements
1808   Discovery of Boron
1808   Discovery of Magnesium
1808   Discovery of Calcium
1808   Discovery of Strontium
1808   Discovery of Barium
1811   Discovery of Iodine
1813   Wollaston's Slide Rule of Chemical Equivalents
1813   Wollaston's Synoptic Scale of Chemical Equivalents
1814   Wollaston's Physical Slide Rule of Chemical Equivalents
1817   Discovery of Lithium
1817   Discovery of Selenium
1817   Discovery of Cadmium
1824   Discovery of Silicon
1825   Discovery of Aluminium (Aluminum)
1825   Discovery of Bromine
1829   Döbereiner's Triads
1829   Discovery of Thorium
1830   Discovery of Vanadium
1831   Daubeny's Teaching Display Board & Wooden Cubes of Atomic Weights
1836   Berzelius' Electronegativity Table
1838   Discovery of Lanthanum
1842   Discovery of Terbium
1842   Discovery of Erbium
1843   Gmelin's System
1844   Discovery of Ruthenium


Year:  1800 PT id = 235

Elements Known in the Year 1800

Elements known in the year 1800, taken from this Wikipedia page:

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Year:  1801 PT id = 821

Discovery of Niobium

Nb

Niobium, atomic number 41, has a mass of 92.906 au.

Niobium was first observed or predicted in 1801 by C. Hatchett and first isolated in 1864 by W. Blomstrand.

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Year:  1802 PT id = 853

Discovery of Tantalum

Ta

Tantalum, atomic number 73, has a mass of 180.948 au.

Tantalum was first isolated in 1802 by G. Ekeberg.

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Year:  1803 PT id = 4

Dalton's Postulates About The Elements

Around the year 1803 in Manchester, John Dalton gave a series of lectures in which he presented his postulates:

From a very early notebook from around this time:

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Year:  1803 PT id = 826

Discovery of Palladium

Pd

Palladium, atomic number 46, has a mass of 106.42 au.

Palladium was first isolated in 1803 by H. Wollaston.

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Year:  1803 PT id = 838

Discovery of Cerium

Ce

Cerium, atomic number 58, has a mass of 140.116 au.

Cerium was first observed or predicted in 1803 by H. Klaproth, J. Berzelius, and W. Hisinger and first isolated in 1838 by G. Mosander.

Chronology of chemically the splitting of ceria (mixed oxides) into the pure rare-earth metals:

From: CRC Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Chapter 248. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis
by Pieter Thyssen and Koen Binnemans (ISBN: 978-0-444-53590-0)

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Year:  1803 PT id = 856

Discovery of Osmium

Os

Osmium, atomic number 76, has a mass of 190.23 au.

Osmium was first isolated in 1803 by S. Tennant.

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Year:  1803 PT id = 857

Discovery of Iridium

Ir

Iridium, atomic number 77, has a mass of 192.217 au.

Iridium was first isolated in 1803 by S. Tennant.

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Year:  1804 PT id = 825

Discovery of Rhodium

Rh

Rhodium, atomic number 45, has a mass of 102.906 au.

Rhodium was first isolated in 1804 by H. Wollaston.

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Year:  1807 PT id = 790

Discovery of Sodium

Na

Sodium, atomic number 11, has a mass of 22.99 au.

Sodium is a Group 1 element, and these are often referred to as the "alkali metals".

Sodium was first isolated in 1807 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1807 PT id = 799

Discovery of Potassium

K

Potassium, atomic number 19, has a mass of 39.098 au.

Potassium is a Group 1 element, and these are often referred to as the "alkali metals".

Potassium was first isolated in 1807 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1808 PT id = 5

Dalton's Elements

Two pages from John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy in which he proposed his version of atomic theory based on scientific experimentation (see the scanned book, page 219):

Name Modern Symbol Dalton's Data Modern Values % error
Hydrog. H 1 1 0%
Azote N 5 14 -180%
Carbone C 5 12 -140%
Oxygen O 7 16 -129%
Phosphorus P 9 31 -244%
Sulphur S 13 32.1 -147%
Magnesia Mg 20 24.3 -22%
Lime Ca 24 40.1 -67%
Soda Na 28 23 18%
Potash K 42 39.1 7%
Strontites Sr 46 87.6 -90%
Barytes Ba 68 137.3 -102%
Iron Fe 50 55.8 -12%
Zinc Zn 56 65.4 -17%
Copper Cu 56 63.5 -13%
Lead Pb 90 200.6 -123%
Silver Ag 190 107.9 43%
Gold Au 190 197 -4%
Platina Pt 190 195.1 -3%
Mercury Hg 167 200.6 -20%

By Mark Leach

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Year:  1808 PT id = 785

Discovery of Boron

B

Boron, atomic number 5, has a mass of 10.814 au.

Boron has properties that are borderline between metal and non-metal (semimetallic).

Boron was first observed or predicted in 1808 by L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thénard and first isolated in 1808 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1808 PT id = 791

Discovery of Magnesium

Mg

Magnesium, atomic number 12, has a mass of 24.306 au.

Magnesium is a Group 2 element, and these are called: "alkaline earth metals".

Magnesium was first observed or predicted in 1755 by J. Black and first isolated in 1808 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1808 PT id = 800

Discovery of Calcium

Ca

Calcium, atomic number 20, has a mass of 40.078 au.

Calcium is a Group 2 element, and these are called: "alkaline earth metals".

Calcium was first isolated in 1808 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1808 PT id = 818

Discovery of Strontium

Sr

Strontium, atomic number 38, has a mass of 87.62 au.

Strontium is a Group 2 element, and these are called: "alkaline earth metals".

Strontium was first observed or predicted in 1787 by W. Cruikshank and first isolated in 1808 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1808 PT id = 836

Discovery of Barium

Ba

Barium, atomic number 56, has a mass of 137.327 au.

Barium is a Group 2 element, and these are called: "alkaline earth metals".

Barium was first observed or predicted in 1772 by W. Scheele and first isolated in 1808 by H. Davy.

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Year:  1811 PT id = 833

Discovery of Iodine

I

Iodine, atomic number 53, has a mass of 126.904 au.

Iodine exists as a black diatomic molecular solid, I2.

Iodine was first isolated in 1811 by B. Courtois.

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Year:  1813 PT id = 1043

Wollaston's Slide Rule of Chemical Equivalents

Philosophical Transactions: A Synoptic Scale of Chemical Equivalents by William Hyde Wollaston, M.D. Sec. R.S. – or from here – has a diagram for a slide rule of chemical equivalents:

Wollaston writes:

"In order to shew more clearly the use of this scale, the Plate [diagram of the chemical slide rule] exhibits two different situations of the slider, in one of which oxygen is 10 [oxygen is defined as having an atomic weight/mass of 10.00], and other bodies are in their due proportion to it, so that carbonic acid being 27,54, and lime 35,46, carbonate of lime is placed at 63.

"In the second figure, the slider is represented drawn upwards till 100 corresponds to muriate of soda [sodium chloride, NaCl]; and accordingly the scale then shews how much of each substance contained in the table is equivalent to 100 of common salt. It shews, with regard to the different views of the analysis of this salt, that it contains 46,6 dry muriatic acid [hydrogen chloride], and 53,4 of soda, or 39,8 sodium, and 13,6 oxygen; or if viewed as chlorid of sodium, that it contains 60,2 chlorine, and 39,8 sodium."

Read more in an entry concerning chemical slide rules.

Thanks to Nawa for the tip!

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Year:  1813 PT id = 1044

Wollaston's Synoptic Scale of Chemical Equivalents

Philosophical Transactions: A Synoptic Scale of Chemical Equivalents by William Hyde Wollaston, M.D. Sec. R.S., or from here.

It is apparent that chemistry the years 1810 to 1850 was largely concerned with discovering the whole number stoichiometric ratios of atoms in chemical compounds.

Wollaston writes in the text above:

"It is impossible in several instances, where only two combinations of the same ingredients are known, to discover which of the compounds is to be regarded as consisting of a pair of single atoms, and since the decision of these questions is purely theoretical, and by no means necessary to the formation of a table adapted to most practical purposes, I have not been desirous of warping my numbers according to an atomic theory, but have endeavored to make practical convenience my sole guide, and have considered the doctrine of simple multiples, on which that of atoms is founded, merely as a valuable assistant in determining, by simple division, the amount of those quantities that are liable to such definite deviations from the original law of Richter."

"Mr. Dalton in his atomic views of chemical combination appears not to have taken much pains to ascertain the actual prevalence of that law of multiple proportions by which the atomic theory is best supported [however] it is in fact to Mr. Dalton that we are indebted for the first correct observation of such an instance of a simple multiple in the union of nitrous gas with oxygen."

"[I have] computed a series of supposed atoms, I [have] assumed oxygen as the decimal unit of my scale [ie. oxygen = 10], in order to facilitate the estimation of those numerous combinations which it forms with other bodies. Though the present table of Equivalents, I have taken care to make oxygen equally prominent on account of the important part it performs in determining the affinities of bodies by the different proportions in which it is united to them.."

Mark Leach writes:

"When Wollaston's equivalent weights are converted from O = 10.00 to the modern value of O = 15.999, the atomic weight values can be seen to be astonishingly accurate.

"However, the language of the article is quite difficult as the meaning of many of the terms is unclear (to me, at least). For example, in modern usage adding 'ia' to a metal implies the oxide: 'magnesia' is magnesium oxide, MgO. I am not clear if this historical usage is consistent. 'Azote' is nitrogen and 'muriatic acid (dry)' is hydrogen chloride gas. I have only analyses/re-calculated the elements and a couple of common/obvious compounds:"

  Wollaston's data Scaled to O = 15.999 Modern Values % error
H (as H2) 1.32 2.112 2.016 5%
O 10.00 15.999 15.999 ref. value
H2O 11.32 18.111 18.015 1%
C 7.74 12.383 12.011 3%
S 20.00 31.998 32.060 0%
P 17.40 27.838 30.974 -11%
N (as N2) 17.54 28.062 28.014 0%
Cl (as Cl2) 44.10 70.556 70.900 0%
Fe 34.50 55.197 55.845 -1%
Cu 40.00 63.996 63.546 1%
Zn 41.00 65.596 65.380 0%
Hg 125.50 200.787 200.590 0%
Pb 129.50 207.187 207.980 0%
Ag 135.00 215.987 107.870 50%

Interestingly, Wollaston's analysis is far better than Daubeny's 1831 data seen in Oxford.

Read more in an entry concerning chemical slide rules.

Thanks to Nawa for the tip!

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Year:  1814 PT id = 1034

Wollaston's Physical Slide Rule of Chemical Equivalents

From the Science Museum in the UK collection, the Wollaston slide rule of chemical equivalents:

"Three sliding scales of chemical equivalents, all with same manuscripts marks, published by W Cary, devised by W H Wollaston, a leading chemist and natural philosopher during the early 19th century.

"Positioning the slider with the weight of the substance set against it will show you the weights of other substances which will react with it. This fundamental ordering based on measurement paved the way for the periodic table of the elements"

Wollaston uses a decimal scale in which oxygen is defined as having an atomic weight (relative atomic mass) of 10.00 rather than the modern value of 15.999.

Read more here and here, and an entry concerning chemical slide rules:

Mark Leach writes:

"I have edited the image above, setting the scale to zero:"

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Year:  1817 PT id = 783

Discovery of Lithium

Li

Lithium, atomic number 3, has a mass of 6.968 au.

Lithium is a reactive metal, of low density: it is the least dense metal.

Lithium was first observed or predicted in 1817 by A. Arfwedson and first isolated in 1821 by W. T. Brande.

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Year:  1817 PT id = 814

Discovery of Selenium

Se

Selenium, atomic number 34, has a mass of 78.971 au.

Selenium was first isolated in 1817 by J. Berzelius and G. Gahn.

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Year:  1817 PT id = 828

Discovery of Cadmium

Cd

Cadmium, atomic number 48, has a mass of 112.414 au.

Cadmium was first isolated in 1817 by S. L Hermann, F. Stromeyer and J.C.H. Roloff.

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Year:  1824 PT id = 793

Discovery of Silicon

Si

Silicon, atomic number 14, has a mass of 28.085 au.

Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, and after oxygen is the second most abundant element.

Silicon was first isolated in 1823 by J. Berzelius.

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Year:  1825 PT id = 792

Discovery of Aluminium (Aluminum)

Al

Aluminium (aluminum), atomic number 13, has a mass of 26.982 au.

Aluminum is a silvery-white metal.

Aluminium was first isolated in 1825 by H.C.Ørsted.

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Year:  1825 PT id = 815

Discovery of Bromine

Br

Bromine, atomic number 35, has a mass of 79.904 au.

Bromine exists as an orange diatomic molecular liquid, Br2.

Bromine was first isolated in 1825 by J. Balard and C. Löwig.

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Year:  1829 PT id = 6

Döbereiner's Triads

Johann Döbereiner found triads: a sequence of three similar elements, where the middle element has a mass equal to the average of the least and most massive.

A brief biography can be found on the Nature website.

Döbereiner writes in An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies (in English)

From Poggendorf's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 15, 301-7 (1829) (in German) [from Henry M. Leicester & Herbert S. Klickstein, eds., A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1952)]:

"The work of Berzelius on the determination of the atomic weights of bromine and iodine has interested me greatly, since it has established the idea, which I expressed earlier in my lectures, that perhaps the atomic weight of bromine might be the arithmetical mean of the atomic weights of chlorine and iodine. This mean is (35.470+126.470)/2 = 80.470. This number is not much greater than that found by Berzelius (78.383); however, it comes so close that it may almost be hoped that the difference will vanish entirely after repeated careful and exact determinations of the atomic weights of these three salt-forming elements. This idea was the motive for an attempt which I made twelve years ago to group substances by their analogies."

[Note: L&K noticed an error in the above math: (35.47 + 126.47)/2 = 80.97 not 80.47. Whoops...]

The diagram below uses mid-nineteenth century atomic mass information rather than modern data. If atomic numbers (Z) are used (a property unknown in 1850), the triads are exact:

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Year:  1829 PT id = 870

Discovery of Thorium

Th

Thorium, atomic number 90, has a mass of 232.038 au.

Radioactive element with a very long half-life.

Thorium was first observed or predicted in 1829 by J. Berzelius and first isolated in 1914 by D. Lely, Jr. and L. Hamburger.

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Year:  1830 PT id = 803

Discovery of Vanadium

V

Vanadium, atomic number 23, has a mass of 50.942 au.

Vanadium was first observed or predicted in 1801 by M. del Río and first isolated in 1830 by N.G.Sefström.

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Year:  1831 PT id = 337

Daubeny's Teaching Display Board & Wooden Cubes of Atomic Weights

The Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, has a display of Charles Daubeny's teaching materials, including a black painted wooden board with "SYMBOLS OF SIMPLE BODIES": showing symbols, atomic weights and names of elements in two columns, and a small pile of cubes with element symbols.

Charles Daubeny and Chemistry at the Old Ashmolean

Charles Daubeny (1795-1867) was appointed Aldrichian Professor of Chemistry at Oxford in 1822. In 1847 he moved from the original laboratory in this basement [in the museum] to a new one built at his own expense at the Botanic Garden. His apparatus went with him and was preserved there. Daubeny actively campaigned for the teaching of science in Oxford and held several professorships in addition to chemistry. He also conducted research on subjects such as photosynthesis.

From the HSM Database (Inventory no. 17504):

DAUBENY'S LIST OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS Wooden panel, black with white lettering, listing in two columns the symbols and names of twenty elements. This lecture board is identical to the table in the third edition (1831) of E. Turner, 'Elements of Chemistry', apart from the atomic weight for bromine. Daubeny wrote a useful 'Introduction to the Atomic Theory' (published in three versions: 1831, 1840, and 1850), the first edition of which also quotes Turner's table. Probably contemporary with this lecture board are the wooden cubes with the symbols for certain elements.

The period from 1810 to 1860 was crucial in the development of the periodic table. Most of the main group and transition elements had been discovered, but their atomic weights and stoichiometries (combining ratios) had not been fully deduced. Oxygen was assumed to have a weight of 6, and consequently carbon is assumed to have a mass of 6.

Daubeny's element symbols and weights – along with the modern mass data – are tabulated:

Symbol Daubeny's Weight Modern Mass Data % error Stoichiometry Error
H 1 1 0%  
C 6 12 -100% factor of 2
O 8 16 -100% factor of 2
Si 8 28.1 -251% factor of 5 (?)
Al 10 27 -170% factor of 3
Mg 12 24.3 -103% factor of 2
N 14 14 0%  
S 16 32.1 -101% factor of 2
P 16 31 -94% factor of 2
Fl 19 19 0%  
Ca 20 40.1 -101% factor of 2
Na 24 23 4%  
Fe 28 55.8 -99% factor of 2
Cl 36 35.5 1%  
K 40 39.1 2%  
Cu 64 63.5 1%  
B 80 79.9 0%  
Pb 104 207 -99% factor of 2
I 124 127 -2%  
Hg 200 200.6 0%  

While quite a number of weights are close to the modern values, many are way out. However, the error is usually a stiotoimetric factor error.


From the HSM Database (Inventory no. 33732): SET OF WOODEN CUBES ILLUSTRATING ATOMIC WEIGHTS

Forty-two wooden cubes numbered 1-42, painted black with symbols for certain elements, compounds or radicals painted in white on the faces, together with the corresponding atomic, molecular or radical weights. The face markings appear in various combinations:

H C P Na Ca° S N K Fe K Na° Cy
1 6 16 24 28 16 14 40 28 48 32 26 48

A typical cube (no. 3) may be represented by the following figure. They present something of an enigma as their faces do not form an obvious pattern. The numbers indicate that there were 42 cubes. In style they are similar to the figures on the panel of atomic weights.

The cubes are listed in Daubeny's 1861 catalogue, p. 11 as: "Wooden cubes for illustrating atomic weight". [See D. R. Oldroyd, The Chemical Lectures at Oxford (1822-1854) of Charles Daubeny, M.D., F.R.S. Notes and Records of the Royal Society, vol. 33 (1979), pp. 217-259.]

This display was spotted by Eric Scerri who was visiting the museum with Mark Leach in 2010.

There is a virtual tour on the museum, and the above display is in the basement.

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Year:  1836 PT id = 453

Berzelius' Electronegativity Table

Berzelius' electronegativity table of 1836.

The most electronegative element (oxygen or Sauerstoff) is listed at the top left and the least electronegative (potassium or Kalium) lower right. The line between hydrogen (Wasserstoff) and gold seperates the predomently electronegative elements from the electropositive elements. Page 17 and ref. 32 from Bill Jensen's Electronegativity from Avogadro to Pauling Part I: Origins of the Electronegativity Concept, J. Chem. Educ., 73, 11-20 (1996):

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Year:  1838 PT id = 837

Discovery of Lanthanum

La

Lanthanum, atomic number 57, has a mass of 138.905 au.

Lanthanum was first observed or predicted in 1838 by G. Mosander and first isolated in 1841 by G. Mosander.

Chronology of chemically the splitting of ceria (mixed oxides) into the pure rare-earth metals:

From: CRC Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Chapter 248. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis
by Pieter Thyssen and Koen Binnemans (ISBN: 978-0-444-53590-0)

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Year:  1842 PT id = 845

Discovery of Terbium

Tb

Terbium, atomic number 65, has a mass of 158.925 au.

Terbium was first observed or predicted in 1842 by G. Mosander and first isolated in 1886 by J.C.G. de Marignac.

Chronology of chemically the splitting of yttria (mixed oxides) into the pure rare-earth metals:

From: CRC Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Chapter 248. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis
by Pieter Thyssen and Koen Binnemans (ISBN: 978-0-444-53590-0)

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Year:  1842 PT id = 848

Discovery of Erbium

Er

Erbium, atomic number 68, has a mass of 167.259 au.

Erbium was first observed or predicted in 1842 by G. Mosander and first isolated in 1879 by T. Cleve.

Chronology of chemically the splitting of yttria (mixed oxides) into the pure rare-earth metals:

From: CRC Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Chapter 248. Accommodation of the Rare Earths in the Periodic Table: A Historical Analysis
by Pieter Thyssen and Koen Binnemans (ISBN: 978-0-444-53590-0)

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Year:  1843 PT id = 268

Gmelin's System

L. Gmelin, Handbuch der chemie, 4th ed., Heidelberg, 1843, vol. 1, p. 457 (Many thanks to Carmen Giunta for the ref. update & link.)

The early and important Gmelin formulation redrawn by Mark Leach with modern element symbols:

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Year:  1844 PT id = 824

Discovery of Ruthenium

Ru

Ruthenium, atomic number 44, has a mass of 101.07 au.

Ruthenium was first isolated in 1844 by K. Claus.

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© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –


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