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There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D.

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Periodic Tables referencing the text string "Landau", listed by date:

Landau & Lifshitz's Periodic System of Mendeleev

L.D. Landau & E.M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics (Volume 3 of A Course of Theoretical Physics), pages 255-258. (Note: First published in English in 1958, the link is to the 1963 3rd ed. of the English version translated from Russian.)

René Vernon writes:

The authors discuss aspects of the periodic system of D I Mendeleev. The electron configurations of hydrogen & helium are briefly noted. This is followed by three tables setting out the electron configurations of the s, p, d & f elements.

Some extracts from the text follow:

"The elucidation of the nature of the periodic variation of properties, observed in the series of elements when they are placed in order of increasing atomic number, requires an examination of the peculiarities in the successive completion of the electron shells of atoms." (p. 252)

"Many properties of atoms (including the chemical properties of elements...) depend principally on the outer regions of the electron envelopes." (p. 254)

"The elements containing complete d and f shells (or not containing these shells at all) are called elements of the principal groups; those in which the filling up of these states is actually in progress are called elements of the intermediate groups. These groups of elements are conveniently considered separately." (p. 254)

"We see that the occupation of different states occurs very regularly in the series of elements of the principal groups: first the s states and then the p states are occupied for each principal quantum number n. The electron configurations of the ions of these elements are also regular (until electrons from the d and f shells are removed in the ionisation): each ion has the configuration corresponding to the preceding atom. Thus, the Mg⁺ ion has the configuration of the sodium atom, and the Mg⁺⁺ ion that of neon." (p. 255)

"Let us now turn to the elements of the intermediate groups. The filling up of the 3d, 4d, and 5d shells takes place in groups of elements called respectively the iron group, the palladium group and the platinum group. Table 4 gives those electron configurations and terms of the atoms in these groups that are known from experimental spectroscopic data. As is seen from this table, the d shells are filled up with considerably less regularity than the s and p shells in the atoms of elements of the principal groups. Here a characteristic feature is the 'competition' between the s and d states."

"This lack of regularity is observed in the terms of ions also: the electron configurations of the ions do not usually agree with those of the preceding atoms. For instance, the V+ ion has the configuration 3d4 (and not 3d24s2 like titanium) ; the Fe+ ion has 3d⁶4s¹ (instead of 3d⁵4s² as in manganese)."

"A similar situation occurs in the filling up of the 4f shell; this takes place in the series of elements known as the rare earths. † The filling up of the 4f shell also occurs in a slightly irregular manner characterised by the 'competition' between 4f, 5d and 6s states."

"† In books on chemistry, lutetium is also usually placed with the rare-earth elements. This, however, is incorrect, since the 4f shell is complete in lutetium; it must therefore be placed in the platinum group."

"The last group of intermediate elements begins with actinium. In this group the 6d and 5f shells are filled, similarly to what happens in the group of rare-earth elements." (p. 256–257)

The authors exclude lanthanum from the rare earths since the 4f shell has not started filling. Yet actinium and thorium are included by them with what we now call the actinoids even though these two metals have no f electrons. No explanation is provided for this puzzling lack of consistency with their categories.

René Vernon writes: I have joined up their one note and three tables. (Curium was the last known element at their time of writing; transcurium elements are shown in parentheses.):

Kudan's 3D Model of The Periodic Table

Pavel V. Kudan's 3D model of the Periodic Table from Research Gate and via direct download.

Parvel writes:

"The shape of this 3D model allows to show most important thing – H may be aligned over F-Ts and He may be aligned over Ne-Og without classification of H to group F-Ts or He to group Ne-Og. To see that it is needed only that cylinder to be tough (hard) and flat parts to be flexible with ability to change angle. Than is important because according Mendeleev’s principle, maximum valence is main for grouping elements and it is controversial to have element with maximum valence 2 between elements with maximum valence 8.

"Coloring He as gray in the 3D model just reflex the fact that it goes just before the energy gap, as well as coloring Ne-Og in gray show that they too go just before the energy gaps, which makes He and Ne-Og noble. The main is not coloring, but the ability to align and demonstrate.

"You may also remember that the issue of opening the new IUPAC Group 2 project to discuss He group as a continuation of the IUPAC Group 3 project has already been raised in e-mail correspondence with IUPAC some time ago in protection of our reconstruction of Landau’s geometry of the Periodic table.

"I agree with you that double periodicity is important, but also rearrangements of electronic configurations caused by properties of d-orbitals also must be taken in account. For example, Cu has valences 1 or 2, Zn has valence 2 due to special properties of d-orbitals. The 3D model of the Periodic table separates the ability of d-orbitals to steel electrons from s-orbitals and f-orbitals causing of such effects.

"Also when you will have a copy of the 3D model you will see that it unifies both geometry of the Mendeleev’s Periodic table and geometry of the Janet’s Periodic table. Following anticlockwise you may see Mendeleev’s order while following clockwise you may see Janet’s order. It is similar to having the 3D moles of globe as visual aid for better vision of Mendeleev’s Periodic table and Janet’s Periodic table as flat detailed maps."

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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