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  Web Book Home Page | Chemogenesis Main Index Foreword:  Chemogenesis & Chemical Education Part I   Atoms | Elements | Periodic Tables 1.1  Introduction to Chemogenesis 1.2  Nucleosynthesis of The Elements 1.3  The Segrè Chart 1.4  Quantum Numbers to Periodic Tables 1.5  The Periodic Table: What Is It Showing? 1.6  The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 1.7  Periodicity Part II   Structure | Bonding | Material Type 2.1  Mono-Bond Typed Binary Compounds 2.2  Binary Compound Synthlet 2.3  Electronegativity 2.4  van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding 2.5  Tetrahedra of Structure, Bonding & Material Type 2.6  Structure, Bonding & Material Synthlet 2.7  The Classification of Matter: Chemical Stuff Part III   Interactions | Reactions | Mechanisms 3.1  The Chemogenesis Analysis: An Overview 3.2  Lewis and Brønsted Models of Acidity 3.3  The Hard Soft [Lewis] Acid Base Principle 3.4  Main Group Elemental Hydrides 3.5  Five Hydrogen Probe Experiments 3.6  Congeneric Dots, Series & Planars 3.7  Quantifying Congeneric Behaviour 3.8  Ligand Replacement Congeneric Series 3.9  Congeneric Array Interactions 3.10  Emergence of Organic Chemistry 3.11  Congeneric Array Database 3.12  The Five Reaction Chemistries 3.13  Lewis Acids & Lewis Bases: A New Analysis 3.14  The Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix 3.15  Patterns in Reaction Chemistry Poster 3.16  Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix Database 3.17  Nucleophiles, Bases & The Fluoride Ion 3.18  Redox Chemistry 3.19  Redox Chemistry Synthlet 3.20  Radical Chemistry 3.21  Diradical Chemistry 3.22  Photochemistry 3.23  Species/Species Interactions 3.24  The Simplest Mechanistic Step: STAD 3.25  Unit & Compound Mechanistic Steps 3.26  The Mechanism Matrix 3.27  Addition To A Double Bond Synthlet 3.28  Pericyclic Reaction Chemistry Part IV   Chemical Theory 4.1  Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 4.2a  Thermochemistry: List Reactions Synthlet 4.2b  Thermochemistry: Play With Reaction Synthlet 4.2c  Thermochemistry: Bulid A Reaction Synthlet 4.3  Timeline of Structural Theory 4.4  Modern Lewis Theory 4.5  Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion: VSEPR 4.6  Diatomic Species by Molecular Orbital Theory 4.7  Polyatomic Species: Molecular Orbitals 4.8  Organic π-Systems 4.9  Functional Group Database Part V   Complexity & Emergence 5.1  Chemistry & Complexity: Systems 5.2  Linear Chemistry Systems 5.3  Chemical Systems Prone to Complexity Part VI   Extras 6.1  Chemogenesis Videos 6.2  Chemical Thesaurus Reaction Chemistry Database 6.3  Paper: Chemogenesis 6.4  Paper: Electronegativity as a Basic Elemental Property (FoC) 6.5  Workshop: What is Chemistry? 6.6  Paper: Scientific laws, Dalton’s postulates, chemical reactions
          and Wolfram’s NKS (FoC) 6.7  Literature References & Further Reading

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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D. The database holds information on periodic tables, the discovery of the elements, the elucidation of atomic weights and the discovery of atomic structure (and much, much more).

Periodic Tables from the year 1916 :

Harkins & Hall's Periodic Table

From Quam & Quam's 1934 review paper.pdf

Dushman's Periodic System of The Elements (after Mendelejeff)

Saul Dushman's article, "The Periodic Law", published in the General Electric Review (Vol. 18, pp. 614–621) in July 1915, provides a comprehensive overview of the status of the periodic law in the early 20th century.

Key Aspects of the Article:

• Historical Context: It reviews the development of the periodic classification, honouring the foundational work of Dmitri Mendeleev.
• Modernizing the Law: Writing just over a decade after the discovery of radioactivity and the electron, Dushman bridges the gap between Mendeleev’s empirical atomic weight law and emerging quantum-physical understandings of atomic structure.
• Radioactivity and Isotopes: The article discusses the impact of radioactivity research (including Soddy's work on isotopes) on the periodic table, explaining how many "new" radioactive elements were found to belong to the same place in the table.
• Atomic Number: It touches upon the significance of atomic numbers as a more fundamental ordering principle than atomic weight, a crucial transition in understanding atomic structure.
• Significance: It highlights the periodic law as the "most fundamental natural system of classification ever devised", marking a transition from chemical phenomenology to physical explanation.

The article is representative of the era's shift toward interpreting chemistry through atomic structure and the revolutionary discoveries of Moseley and Rutherford.

Thanks to Eric Scerri for the tip!
See the website EricScerri.com and Eric's Twitter Feed.

Sommerfeld's Periodic Table

A periodic table by Arnold Sommerfeld, as an updated construction by Marks & Marks (2021).

John Marks writes:

"The reconstruction of Sommerfeld 1916 is derived from my reading of Henry Browse's translation of the third German edition of his Atomstruktur und Spektrallinien (Methuen 1923). Sommerfeld found the explanation of the greater (d– and f–) and lesser (s– and p–) periods in the solution of Kepler's ellipses using Schwarzschild's relativistic correction, communicated to him from the battlefront of WW1. Sommerfeld considered helium "an exception" but this is only an appearance deriving from defining periods as terminated by inert gases. In fact, the first period begins with hydrogen so the markers of periods are analogues of hydrogen, viz. the halogens."

Sommerfeld and the Azimuthal and Magnetic Quantum Numbers

Sommerfeld, A. Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien. Annalen der Physik, 51, 1–94 (1916).

Wikipedia:

"Arnold Sommerfeld was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in both atomic and quantum physics. He also educated and mentored many students for the new era of theoretical quantum physics.

"Sommerfeld introduced the second (azimuthal) and the third (magnetic) quantum numbers ℓ and m_ℓ. (He also introduced the fine-structure constant and pioneered X-ray wave theory.)

"In quantum mechanics, the azimuthal quantum number ℓ is a quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes aspects of the angular shape of the orbital. The azimuthal quantum number is the second of a set of quantum numbers that describe the unique quantum state of an electron (the others being the principal quantum number n, the magnetic quantum number, m_ℓ, and the spin quantum number m_s).

"Seven of Sommerfeld's doctoral students and postdoctoral supervisees: Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, Peter Debye, Hans Bethe, Linus Pauling, Isidor I. Rabi and Max von Laue went on to win Nobel Prizes in theoretical physics or chemistry. He also supervised at least 30 other famous physicists and chemists."

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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