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| What is the Periodic Table Showing? | Periodicity |
The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables
There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D. The database holds information on periodic tables, the discovery of the elements, the elucidation of atomic weights and the discovery of atomic structure (and much, much more).
Periodic Tables from the year 1864 :
| 1864 | Newlands' Octaves |
| 1864 | Odling's Table of Elements |
| 1864 | Naquet's Families of Elements |
| 1864 | Annual Report on the Progress of Chemistry and Related Areas of Other Sciences 1864 |
| Year: 1864 | PT id = 8, Type = formulation |
Newlands' Octaves
One of the first attempts at a periodic table that arranged the known elements by atomic weight and chemical property, was by John Newlands and is known as "Newlands Octaves".
Newland noticed that if he broke up his list of elements into groups of seven – starting a new row with the eighth element – the first element in each of those groups had similar chemistry.
Note: In the tables below, Newlands Octaves go downwards: H to O, F to S, Cl to Fe, etc.
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H 1
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F 8
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Cl 15
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Co & Ni 22
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Br 29
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Pd 36
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I 42
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Pt & Ir 50
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Li 2
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Na 9
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K 16
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Cu 23
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Rb 30
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Ag 37
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Cs 44
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Os 51
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G 3
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Mg 10
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Ca 17
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Zn 24
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Sr 31
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Cd 38
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Ba & V 45
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Hg 52
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Bo 4
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Al 11
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Cr 19
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Y 25
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Ce & La 33
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U 40
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Ta 46
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Tl 53
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C 5
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Si 12
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Ti 18
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In 26
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Zr 32
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Sn 39
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W 47
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Pb 54
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N 6
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P 13
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Mn 20
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As 27
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Di & Mo 34
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Sb 41
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Nb 48
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Bi 55
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O 7
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S 14
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Fe 21
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Se 28
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Ro & Ru 35
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Te 43
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Au 49
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Th 56
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- Seeing the word octave applied to this table may lead one to think that Newlands recognised periods of eight elements with repeating properties, as we do with the modern periodic table, for example: Li Be B C N O F Ne.
- However, each sequence of Newlands' octaves contain only seven elements. Count the elements in the columns! In Newlands' day the group 8 (18) rare gas elements, He, Ne, Ar, Kr & Xe, had not yet been discovered.
- To Newlands, H to F & F to Cl are octaves of eight elements, the eighth element repeating the properties of the first.
There are seven notes in a musical octave: A B C D E F G, after which you start again with A'; similarly for Newlands, seven elements H Li G Bo C N O, then the 8th is F and you start again. [Note that Newlands treated H as a halogen.] More here.
A B C D E F G A
Philip Stewart's musical representation:
- To Newlands, H to F is an octave of eight elements.
- Today we say Li to Ne & Na to Ar are periods of eight elements, and that that Li and Na are in different periods. Indeed, the Li to Na series consists of nine elements.
- In Newlands' day the group 8 (18) rare gas elements, He, Ne, Ar, Kr & Xe, had not been discovered.
Read more about Newland's Octaves, including a commentary on the original papers in Carmen Giunta's Elements and Atoms: Case Studies in the Development of Chemistry.
| Year: 1864 | PT id = 91, Type = formulation |
Odling's Table of Elements
William Odling's table from: Q. J. Sci., 1864, 1, 642:
| Year: 1864 | PT id = 269, Type = formulation |
Naquet's Families of Elements
According to Naquet’s 1864 textbook, Principes de Chimie, F. Savy, Paris, (updated by Eric Scerri):
| Year: 1864 | PT id = 1354, Type = formulation element weight |
Annual Report on the Progress of Chemistry and Related Areas of Other Sciences 1864
Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Chemie und verwandter Theile anderer Wissenschaften. (Annual Report on the progress of chemistry and related areas of other sciences.) HathiTrust Index scanned reports 1847-1910.
The 1864 table of data is here.
Mark Leach writes:
"Every year the annual report started with a list of the known chemical elements and their atomic weights, however, to the modern eye there were many systermatic errors. For example, oxygen (Sauerstoff) is given as having a weight of 8 which would have caused – due to the importance of oxides – other atomic weights to be out by a factor of 2 or 3. Once a list of correct atomic weights was known, it would be possible to construct a periodic table of the elements.
"In 1858 the Cannazzario letter gave more correct list of atomic weights and corrected the numerous stoichiometric errors that plagued chemistry at the time. Over the years from 1858 to 1873 the entries in the annual report gradually adopted the Cannazzario logic."
- Didym D = 48 was actually a mixture of rare earth elements.
- Norium No is a discredited claim to be what is now known as hafnium.
- The missing elements had yet to be discovered.
- Al = 13.7 and 27.4
- Ba = 68.5 and 137
- Be = 4.7 and 7.0
- Pb = 103.5 and 207
- Cd = 56 and 112
- Ca = 20 and 40
- Cr = 26.1 and 52.2
- Fe = 28 and 56
- Ir = 99 and 198
- Co = 29.4 and 58.8
- C = 6 and 12
- Cu = 31.7 and 63.4
- Mg = 12 and 24
- Mn = 27.5 and 55
- Mo = 48 and 96
- Ni = 29.4 and 58.8
- Os = 99.6 and 199.2
- Pd = 53.3 and 106.6
- Pt = 98.7 and 197.4
- Hg = 100 and 200
- Rh = 52.2 and 104.4
- Si = 14 and 21 and 28
- O = 8 and 16
- S = 16 and 32
- Se = 39.7 and 79.4
- Sr = 43.8 and 87.6
- Te = 64 and 128
- Th = 59.16 and 57.86 and 118.3 and 115.7
- W = 92 and 153.28
- Zn = 32.6 and 65
- Sn = 59 and 118
- Zr = 22.4 and 33.6 and 44.8
Thanks to René and Mario Rodriguez for the tip!
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| What is the Periodic Table Showing? | Periodicity |
© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –
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