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  Web Book Home Page | Chemogenesis Main Index Foreword:  Chemogenesis & Chemical Education Part I   Atoms | Elements | Periodic Tables 1.1  Introduction to Chemogenesis 1.2  Nucleosynthesis of The Elements 1.3  The Segrè Chart 1.4  Quantum Numbers to Periodic Tables 1.5  The Periodic Table: What Is It Showing? 1.6  The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables 1.7  Periodicity Part II   Structure | Bonding | Material Type 2.1  Mono-Bond Typed Binary Compounds 2.2  Binary Compound Synthlet 2.3  Electronegativity 2.4  van Arkel-Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding 2.5  Tetrahedra of Structure, Bonding & Material Type 2.6  Structure, Bonding & Material Synthlet 2.7  The Classification of Matter: Chemical Stuff Part III   Interactions | Reactions | Mechanisms 3.1  The Chemogenesis Analysis: An Overview 3.2  Lewis and Brønsted Models of Acidity 3.3  The Hard Soft [Lewis] Acid Base Principle 3.4  Main Group Elemental Hydrides 3.5  Five Hydrogen Probe Experiments 3.6  Congeneric Dots, Series & Planars 3.7  Quantifying Congeneric Behaviour 3.8  Ligand Replacement Congeneric Series 3.9  Congeneric Array Interactions 3.10  Emergence of Organic Chemistry 3.11  Congeneric Array Database 3.12  The Five Reaction Chemistries 3.13  Lewis Acids & Lewis Bases: A New Analysis 3.14  The Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix 3.15  Patterns in Reaction Chemistry Poster 3.16  Lewis Acid/Base Interaction Matrix Database 3.17  Nucleophiles, Bases & The Fluoride Ion 3.18  Redox Chemistry 3.19  Redox Chemistry Synthlet 3.20  Radical Chemistry 3.21  Diradical Chemistry 3.22  Photochemistry 3.23  Species/Species Interactions 3.24  The Simplest Mechanistic Step: STAD 3.25  Unit & Compound Mechanistic Steps 3.26  The Mechanism Matrix 3.27  Addition To A Double Bond Synthlet 3.28  Pericyclic Reaction Chemistry Part IV   Chemical Theory 4.1  Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 4.2a  Thermochemistry: List Reactions Synthlet 4.2b  Thermochemistry: Play With Reaction Synthlet 4.2c  Thermochemistry: Bulid A Reaction Synthlet 4.3  Timeline of Structural Theory 4.4  Modern Lewis Theory 4.5  Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion: VSEPR 4.6  Diatomic Species by Molecular Orbital Theory 4.7  Polyatomic Species: Molecular Orbitals 4.8  Organic π-Systems 4.9  Functional Group Database Part V   Complexity & Emergence 5.1  Chemistry & Complexity: Systems 5.2  Linear Chemistry Systems 5.3  Chemical Systems Prone to Complexity Part VI   Extras 6.1  Chemogenesis Videos 6.2  Chemical Thesaurus Reaction Chemistry Database 6.3  Paper: Chemogenesis 6.4  Paper: Electronegativity as a Basic Elemental Property (FoC) 6.5  Workshop: What is Chemistry? 6.6  Paper: Scientific laws, Dalton’s postulates, chemical reactions
          and Wolfram’s NKS (FoC) 6.7  Literature References & Further Reading

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The INTERNET Database of Periodic Tables

There are thousands of periodic tables in web space, but this is the only comprehensive database of periodic tables & periodic system formulations. If you know of an interesting periodic table that is missing, please contact the database curator: Mark R. Leach Ph.D. The database holds information on periodic tables, the discovery of the elements, the elucidation of atomic weights and the discovery of atomic structure (and much, much more).

Periodic Tables referencing the text string "Segre", listed by date:

Bury's Periodic Arrangement based on Langmuir's Theory

Using Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 41, 868 (1919), Charles R. Bury formulated a Periodic Arrangement: C.R. Bury, Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 43, 1602-1609 (1921).

This formulation seems to be the basis of Seaborg's formulations of 1939, 1942 & 1945.

Ricardo R Contreras, Avances en Química, 14(1), 41-60 (2019), has re-drawn the Bury PT and writes [Google Translate]:

"This version emphasizes periods and electronic configurations.

"There is a long period in which the metals of titanium to copper are found, which he calls transition elements. [This formulation] leaves spaces for the element atomic number 43, technetium, discovered by Perrier Segre in 1937; for the element 72, hafnium, discovered in 1932 by D. Coster and G. von Hevesey; for the element 87, the eka-cesium, which corresponds to francium (Fr), discovered in 1939 by the French physicist Marguerite C. Perey (1909-1975) and, at the end of the group of halogens, for the element 85, the astatine (At), synthesized for the first time in 1940 by American physicists Dale R. Corson (1914-2012), Kenneth R. MacKenzie (1912-2002) and the Italian-American physicist Emilio G. Segrè (1905-1989) at the University of Berkeley (California), bombarding bismuth with particles.

"Bury uses 'A' as the symbol argon, 'Nt' (niton) for radon (Rn) and, the symbol 'Bv' (brevium) for proctactinium (Pa)."

Tabelle Riassuntive E Bibliografia Delle Trasmutazioni Artificiali (Summary Tables And Bibliography Of Artificial Transmutations)

A 1935 paper by Fae which predates the Segrè Chart by 10 years: Fea, G. Tabelle Riassuntive e Bibliografia Delle Trasmutazioni Artificiali. Nuovo Cim 12, 368–406 (1935). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02958685 (Thanks to Mario Rodríguez Peña who found this paper!)

Abstract (Google Translate):

"Given the significant developments in the study of artificial transmutations, especially after the impetus provided by the discovery of induced radioactivity, it seemed useful to the writer to summarize in some synoptic tables what has been obtained to date by the many researchers who have studied the topic.

"An extensive bibliography of the works consulted for the compilation of the tables follows, as well as a table representing, in the neutron-proton diagram, what is known about stable and radioactive isotopes."

Segrè Chart (Original)

Segrè, Emilio. Segrè Chart [Isotope Chart], technical drawing, April 1948;  Oak Ridge, Tennessee. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc100789/: accessed February 17, 2026), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.

Wikipedia:

"A table or chart of nuclides is a two-dimensional graph of isotopes of the chemical elements, in which one axis represents the number of neutrons (symbol N) and the other represents the number of protons (atomic number, symbol Z) in the atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents a nuclide of a known or hypothetical element. This system of ordering nuclides can offer a greater insight into the characteristics of isotopes than the better-known periodic table, which shows only elements and not their isotopes. The chart of the nuclides is also known as the Segrè chart, after Italian physicist Emilio Segrè."

Click Image to Enlarge:

Segrè Chart of Elements & Isotopes

The Segrè chart of elements and isotopes arranges atomic nuclei by numbers or protons and numbers of neutrons and is a table of nuclides. There are various ways the axes can be arranged. From elsewhere in this chemogenesis web book:

And from Wikipedia:

Extending the Periodic Table

The periodic table now extends to element 118, Oganesson, and scientists are attempting to go further. Below is part of a Segre chart, proton number on the y-axis and neutron number of the x-axis, from a report from the Japanese Superheavy Element Laboratory, RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN.

The diagram shows various nuclear reactions, for example: ²³²Th + ⁴⁰Ar to make ²⁷²Hs.

Thanks to Larry Tsimmerman for the tip!

KAS Periodic Table

The KAS periodic table reproduces and depicts the nuclear properties of chemical elements. This periodic table depicts not only the trends of nuclear properties, but also reproduces their numerical values that remain very close to the experimental values (difference less than 4%).

The Segre Chart is based on the number of protons, Z, and the number of neutrons, N. It is like a library of nuclei and shows the recorded data only. The Segre Chart can not work when the number of neutrons is not given. But KAS Periodic Table works when the number of neutrons is not given.It does not require the number of neutrons to produce the results.This is a simple chart based on the number of protons of chemical element. We identify the following properties of elements:-

• Location that remains near the Neutron Dripline of element.
• Location that remains very close to stable or long-lived isotopes of the element. Location that remains near the Proton Dripline of element.
• In the case of superheavy elements, we identify which Compound Nuclei are involved in the Hot Fusion reaction and which Compound Nuclei are involved in the Cold Fusion reaction.
• We see the r-process path and assess the r-process abundance.
• The pattern of abundance of chemical elements.
• We identify which elements are the product of exothermal fusion.
• We identify the location of isotope on the basis of two-neutron separation energy.
• Nuclear binding energy trend. Beta decay trend.
• We see the Straight Line of Nuclear Stability.
• Empirical Law discovered.
• Periodicity in the nuclear properties.
• We can compare the nuclear properties of an element with the nuclear properties of almost all the chemical elements.

Read more here, here and here.

Semicircular Hybrid Chart of the Nuclides

Nawa Nagayasu has produced a new version of the Segrè Chart of the Nuclides.

Nawa writes:

"The chart has the number of neutrons on the [curved] horizontal axis and the number of protons (atomic number) on the vertical axis. I used the IAEA colour coding [scheme]. JAEA's half-life ranks are indicated by simple numbers, not rounded frames.

"In order to fit the whole chart into a semicircle, the axis representing the number of neutrons was made a spiral-like curve. For clarity, the number of neutrons is shown in the middle of each curve."

Yuri Oganessian has commented:

"Nawa Nagayasu is an original and talented designer. After all, it is not easy to work with 118 elements, but now also with isotopes, of which there are more than 3000. The fan design looks attractive and this is very important. This will make people, especially school age, guess the numbers that are written there. So they will gradually delve into the content of the Table, a truly brilliant creation."

Click image to enlarge

© Mark R. Leach Ph.D. 1999 –

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